Nematopsis marinus n. sp., a new septate gregarine from cultured penaeoid shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone), in Ecuador

The septate gregarine Nematopsis marinus n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Cephaline) heavily infected the midgut of cultured Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone) in Ecuador. It is morphologically similar to other species of the genera Nematopsis, but it can be distinguished from them, by having gamonts with a prominent hemispherical protomerite that contained numerous refractile granules and unusual strong gliding movement. There is evidence that shrimp acquired the infection in the ponds, as larval or postlarval stages do not showed infection. Juveniles and adult shrimp had a prevalence and intensity of infection ranging from 50% to 80% and 10 to > 5000 parasites respectively. When voided from the gut, the gregarine keep alive in seawater. This gregarine have been associated with the marine environment and there are no records of this species in low salinity waters or freshwater. Results suggest that N. marinus could have most of the life cycle of the species within the host L. vannamei.     

Effect of culture system on the nutrition and growth performance of Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone) fed different diets

Two 8-week feeding trials were conducted with juvenile Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone) to compare the growth and performance of animals fed a series of experimental and commercial pelleted shrimp and fish feeds and dietary feeding regimes within an indoor running-water culture system and an outdoor zero-water-exchange culture system. The best overall shrimp growth performance was observed for animals fed the experimental shrimp diet and all-day feeding regime under outdoor zero-water-exchange culture conditions. Final body weight and average weekly growth rate under these conditions were 2.8 and 3.4 times greater, respectively, than animals of similar size fed with the same diet under indoor running-water culture conditions. Although direct comparison between indoor and outdoor culture systems is difficult because of the lower indoor water temperatures, and consequently lower mean daily feed intake of animals, it is believed that the higher growth and feed performance of animals reared under outdoor `green-water' culture conditions was primarily due to their ability to obtain additional nutrients from food organisms endogenously produced within the zero-water-exchange culture system. The most promising features of zero-water-exchange culture systems are that they offer increased biosecurity, reduced feed costs and water use for the farmer, and by doing so provide a potential avenue of moving the shrimp culture industry along a path of greater sustainability and environmental compatibility.     

Beaver (Castor canadensis) as a surrogate species for conserving anuran amphibians on boreal streams in Alberta, Canada

We explored the use of beaver (Castor canadensis) as a surrogate species for amphibian conservation on small (1st-4th-order) streams in the Boreal Foothills of west-central Alberta. Anuran call surveys indicated that beaver create breeding habitat for the boreal chorus frog (Pseudacris maculata), wood frog (Rana sylvatica) and western toad (Bufo boreas). No calling males of any species were recorded on unobstructed streams. Wood frog, the most abundant species, exhibited high rates of juvenile recruitment on beaver ponds. Pitfall traps captured more wood frogs on beaver ponds versus unobstructed streams, and most individuals (84%) were young-of-year. Abundance of young-of-year was strongly correlated with percent landscape occupied by beaver ponds indicating that anurans captured along streams originated in beaver ponds. Based on a novel combination of a digital elevation model and aerial photographs examined with GIS, statistical models showed that the probability of beaver pond occurrence on streams was positively associated with stream order and dependent on the interacting effects of distance to nearest forestry cutblock and availability of beaver foods (Populus spp.). We propose that the distribution and abundance of beaver ponds could be determined over large areas quickly and inexpensively by remote sensing and used to identify and monitor amphibian habitat, and possibly, populations. This work establishes the pre-eminence of beaver-created wetlands as amphibian habitat in the Boreal Foothills and that the incorporation of dam-building patterns into forest management strategies could aid amphibian conservation.     

沿海地区对虾工厂化养殖调研与分析

为了研究对虾工厂化养殖发展现状,解决存在的技术难点和问题,对我国沿海对虾工厂化养殖过程中所采用的工艺流程、水质净化处理、增氧方式、设施设备、经济效益等进行现场调研和分析,结果表明:对虾工厂化养殖模式基本采用"水泥池+温室大棚"为核心的精养模式,经济效益较好,但还存在曝气设备能耗过高、废水多数得不到有效处理等问题。     

轮虫培育池浮游生物的时空分布

在1995－1996年期间，对黑龙江、内蒙、辽宁3个地区11个池塘浮游生物的时空分布进行了研究。结果表明，浮游植物在池的上、下风位水平分布和表、底层垂直分布存在显著差异。轮虫的水平分布与风浪及水体溶氧状况有关，无风（或微风）时，上、下风位无明显差异。有风浪时，上风位比下风位高出1倍多。水体缺氧时，下风位比上风位高出4倍多，轮虫的垂直分布在溶氧充足时，上、下风位表层均低于底层；而在水体缺氧时，上、风位表层高出底层近3倍。桡足类的水平分布上风位比下风位高出2－4倍，垂直分布无明显差异。文中还讨论了轮虫池浮游生物分布的某些规律和成因及其在生产实践中的意义。     

上海孙桥河道淡水青虾人工放流与群体数量的估算

本文主要研究了上海市川沙县孙桥河道的水环境条件，青虾育苗与放流后群体分布、产量及群体数量估算的结果。本河道水温适宜，多数河段水质良好，适宜青虾生长；通过青虾产量统计和群体数量估算，证明人工放流青虾的效果较好，放流后3年产量（3268．95kg）是放流前3年产量（1451．23kg）的2．25倍。     

鳜塘水体理化因子昼夜变化及相关性研究

通过对鳜塘水体部分理化因子昼夜检测及藻类的观察 ,分析了塘水重要理化因子昼夜变化情况。结果表明 ,不同鳜塘溶氧、pH值昼夜升降变化规律基本一致 ,总铵、亚硝酸盐氮、磷酸盐磷昼夜变化因塘而异。鳜塘生态因子的统计分析还显示 ,磷酸盐磷与异氧细菌数 (r2 8=0 30 )相关性最大 ,其次是与溶氧 (r2 8=0 2 4 ) ;亚硝酸盐氮与叶绿素a呈负相关 (r2 8=- 0 35) ;总铵与多数因子呈负相关 ,但相关不显著     

池塘虾蟹生态养殖微孔管道增氧高产高效养殖试验

利用微孔管道增氧技术,进行池塘虾蟹生态养殖试验。结果表明,在16675m2池塘中收获河蟹2800kg,平均单产达112kg/667m2,平均效益达7500元/667m2。微孔管道增氧技术对虾蟹养殖增产增效作用明显。     

海南省对虾产业发展现状与前景展望

从对虾苗种生产、对虾养殖、对虾饲料、行业组织等方面分析了海南省对虾产业发展现状,并分析了海南省对虾产业的发展趋势,如对虾产业链逐渐完善、遗传育种研究逐渐开展、养殖模式多样化、品牌意识逐渐加强等,最后从生态环境和自然资源优势方面对海南省对虾产业发展前景进行了展望。     

Pigment deficiency correction in shrimp broodstock using Spirulina as a carotenoid source

In this study, an effort was made to cure the pigment deficiency syndrome (PDS) exhibited by pond‐reared Fenneropenaeus indicus (H.Milne Edwards) broodstock, using the blue‐green algae Spirulina as a carotenoid source in diet. The PDS symptoms included bleaching of ovary and reduced early larval performance. Biochemical analysis indicated reduced quantity of total carotenoids in egg and nauplii from the females with PDS. When PDS females were fed 30 g kg^?1Spirulina‐supplemented diet immediately after the appearance of symptoms, the egg and nauplii carotenoid values improved gradually and attained the pre‐PDS values after a minimum of 4 week period. Spirulina supplementation also improved significantly (P < 0.05) the spawn quality (hatch per spawn, nauplii per spawn, nauplii viability) and larval quality indices (P < 0.05). The egg and nauplii protein values exhibited a trend similar to carotenoids, confirming the influence of latter on protein stability previously reported by researchers. The study confirms the bioavailability of carotenoids from Spirulina to shrimp broodstock and recommends its regular inclusion in diet to preclude carotenoid deficiency‐related problems in shrimp hatcheries.