Estimation of Soil Evaporation During Fallow Seasons to Assess Water Balances for No‐Tillage Crop Rotations

Abstract Estimates of soil evaporation and available soil water of no‐tillage fields under farm conditions are important to assess soil water status at sowing of rainfed grain crops. The objective of this study was to predict stored soil water of no‐tillage fields during the fallow periods following soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) and maize (Zea mays L.) crops by accounting for decreased soil evaporation as a result of the residues left on the soil surface. Three simple phenomenological models were used to simulate stored soil water under field conditions at seven locations in Argentina. Two models calculated decreased soil evaporation based on crop residue mass, and the third assumed a constant fractional decrease in bare soil evaporation. All models gave good estimates of soil water content during the fallow periods following a soybean crop. In cases with large quantities of maize residue, however, the models resulted in more water retention in the soil than observed as a consequence of underprediction of soil evaporation. These results indicate that full benefit of crop residue was not being achieved in these fields, probably due to a failure to finely chop and uniformly distribute the crop material on the soil surface.     

开花期气象因子对油菜结实的影响

基于2011—2018年油菜开花日挂牌标记试验,考种不同开花时段油菜结荚率、单荚子粒数,分析不同时期低温对油菜结实的影响,建立气象因子与油菜子粒损失率的影响定量关系。结果表明,2月25日前的低温对油菜结实的影响以中度和重度为主,3月中下旬的低温对油菜结实的影响以轻度为主,2月26日—3月10日的低温对油菜结实的影响以轻度和中度为主。油菜子粒损失率与开花时日最低气温平均值、日平均降雨量相关不显著,与开花时平均气温、日最高气温平均值、日照时数平均值、日平均相对湿度相关显著。随开花平均气温下降,日最高气温平均值下降,空气相对湿度升高。开花时空气相对湿度为70%,且日平均气温≤6.9℃,或空气相对湿度为80%,日平均气温≤8.0℃,油菜中度受害;开花时空气相对湿度为80%,且日平均气温≤4.3℃,或空气相对湿度为85%,日平均气温≤4.8℃,油菜重度受害。其次分析确定了不同天气类型下油菜开花结实的冷积温指标,当日照低温天气的冷积温指标为≥16.5℃,或无日照低温阴雨天气的冷积温指标为≥5.0℃,为中度受害。当日照低温天气的冷积温指标为≥37.5℃,或无日照低温阴雨天气的冷积温指标为≥26.0℃,为重度受害。试验结果可为油菜灾害预警评估和减灾防灾农业气象服务提供技术支撑。     

Relationship between browning and related enzymes (PAL, PPO and POD) in rambutan fruit (Nephelium lappaceum Linn.) cvs. Rongrien and See-Chompoo

Rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum Linn.) fruit cvs. Rongrien and See-Chompoo were stored in low (60–70%) and high (85–95%) relative humidity (RH) environments at 25 °C for 6 d. Changes in weight loss, browning index, phenols content and activities of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and peroxidase (POD) were measured. By d 6 of storage, browning was severe in the spinterns but slight in the peel of both cultivars. High RH delayed spintern browning but had only a small effect on peel browning. The phenols content and PAL activity in peel from both cultivars were generally higher than in the spinterns. RH had no effect on the changes in phenols during storage but PAL activity increased in the peel but not spinterns of both cultivars at d 4 of storage in low RH. The initial activities of PPO and POD in spinterns of both cultivars were higher than in peel. PPO activity in the spinterns of both cultivars was similar and was not affected by RH. The initial activity of POD was lower in the peel and the spinterns of Rongrien fruit but there were no clear responses to RH during storage. Higher activities of PPO and POD in the spinterns compared to the peel may also be a factor in the higher rates of browning of the spinterns.     

Predicting spring barley yield from variety-specific yield potential, disease resistance and straw length, and from environment-specific disease loads and weed pressure

For low-input crop production, well-characterised varieties increase the possibilities of managing diseases and weeds. This analysis aims at developing a framework for analyzing grain yield using external varietal information about disease resistance, weed competitiveness and yield potential and quantifying the impact of susceptibility grouping and straw length scores (as a measure for weed competitiveness) for predicting spring barley grain yield under variable biotic stress levels. The study comprised 52 spring barley varieties and 17 environments, i.e., combinations of location, growing system and year. Individual varieties and their interactions with environments were analysed by factorial regression of grain yield on external variety information combined with observed environmental disease loads and weed pressure. The external information was based on the official Danish VCU testing. The most parsimonious models explained about 50% of the yield variation among varieties including genotype-environment interactions. Disease resistance characteristics of varieties, weighted with disease loads of powdery mildew, leaf rust and net blotch, respectively, had a highly significant influence on grain yield. The extend to which increased susceptibility resulted in increased yield losses in environments with high disease loads of the respective diseases was predicted. The effect of externally determined straw length scores, weighted with weed pressure, was weaker although significant for weeds with creeping growth habit. Higher grain yield was thus predicted for taller plants under weed pressure. The results are discussed in relation to the model framework, impact of the considered traits and use of information from conventional variety testing in organic cropping systems.     

1980-2009年合肥地区地表干湿变化及作物灾损评估研究

利用基于作物潜在蒸散建立的相对湿润度指数和作物灾损率指标,分析1980—2009 年合肥地区6 个气象台站的常规观测资料和作物产量数据,研究合肥地区地表干湿状况变化和典型作物受旱的灾损情况,通过分析作物灾损率以及其与相对湿润度指数的关系,建立合肥地区两种典型作物（小麦和水稻）关于相对湿润度指数的旱灾风险等级标准。结果表明：30 年间合肥地区相对湿润度指数均属正常偏湿状态,南部地区较北部偏湿,同时地表湿润状况存在0.048/10 年的变干趋势。冬小麦关于相对湿润度指数累计值的不同干旱等级（轻、中、重旱）指数界限值为- 2.0983 和- 3.4281,水稻为- 0.9371和-2.5660。合肥地区水稻对土壤水分胁迫的耐受力较冬小麦弱,因受旱导致减产的风险较大。     

黑龙江省1961—2011年可利用降水量的气候变化特征

为了减轻黑龙江省水资源供需矛盾,实现水资源合理利用与开发,并为农业用水资源分配和旱涝灾害的成因研究提供科学依据,利用黑龙江省60个气象站1961—2011年地面气象观测数据,应用气候趋势系数、气候倾向率等方法分析了黑龙江省可利用降水量的时空演变特征。结果表明,近51年来,黑龙江省年可利用降水量呈下降趋势,气候倾向率达-4.4 mm/10 a,春季和冬季显著增加,夏季和秋季呈减少趋势。从空间分布看,全省可利用降水量整体呈下降趋势,松嫩平原大部和三江平原水资源供需矛盾将日益突出。黑龙江省降水量对可利用降水量起着决定性作用,气温在一定程度上对水资源也有着深刻影响。     

Adsorption and corrosion inhibition behavior of mild steel by one derivative of triazole-phenylamide in acid solution

A new triazole-phenylamide derivative (DOT) is synthesized and its inhibiting action on the corrosion of mild steel in 1 mol/L HCl solution is investigated by means of potentiodynamic polarization, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and weight loss measurements. Thermodynamic and kinetic parameters are calculated and discussed. Then the surface morphology is studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results show that DOT strongly inhibits the corrosion of Q235. The inhibition efficiency of 0.001 mol·L-1 DOT is more than 96%. Polarization curves indicate that the DOT acts as a mixed-type inhibitor, the cathodic and anodic processes of corrosion are suppressed. Thermodynamic and kinetic parameters are obtained from weight loss of the different experimental temperatures, which suggests that at different temperatures (298~333 K) the adsorption of DOT on metal surface obey Langmuir adsorption isotherm model. The adsorption processes are exothermic reaction and belong to chemisorption and physisorption.     

Optimization of Heat Processing of Farmed Atlantic Cod (Gadus morhua) Muscle with Respect to Cook Loss,Water Holding Capacity,Color, and Texture

Convenience products of fish that are heat processed in-pack are often subjected to a compromise between quality and durability within the framework of required safety. The purpose of this study was to provide knowledge for optimizing pasteurization of cod muscle by quantifying changes in water holding capacity (WHC), cook loss, color, and texture within a wide range of processing times and temperatures. A heat load equivalent to 2 min at 70°C may be applied to the cod while maintaining the WHC above 66%, the cook loss below 5.6%, and keeping hardness and whiteness low, provided that the processing temperature is kept in the range 68 ± 4°C.     

Development of GIS-based FUSLE model in a Chinese fir forest sub-catchment with a focus on the litter in the Dabie Mountains,China

Land use plays an important role in soil loss and other environmental problems. Correct prediction of soil loss from different types of land use is very important to land use policy making in the Dabie Mountains, China. Field observations of water and soil loss were carried out in the Shangshe catchment in four types of land use in 1999–2002. This paper reports the study of soil loss in the sub-catchment of Chinese fir forest.     

木材初期腐朽研究综述

木材容易受到各种微生物的侵袭,真菌腐朽是导致木材破坏最严重的一种方式,即使是在木材质量损失率很小的腐朽初期,真菌也可以迅速引起木材结构的破坏,导致木材强度的急剧降低.生物培养和显微镜观察被认为是目前唯一权威的用来检测和评估木材初期腐朽的方法,但这些方法很难对木材的初期腐朽进行快速、准确地评估.因此,寻找一种迅速、准确地检测和评估木材初期腐朽的方法倍受人们的关注.有关初期腐朽及其检测与评估的研究在国外已有大量报道,而在我国却极为少见.本文综述了近几十年国内外有关木材初期腐朽及其检测与评估的研究,旨在增强人们对木材初期腐朽危害的认识,并呼吁有关部门重视相关研究在我国的发展.