7个橡胶树品系树皮结构与农艺性状相关性研究

以我国自主选育的热试662、热试419等7个开割无性系为试材,采用石蜡切片技术,观测树皮乳管列数目、厚度等乳管分化特征参数,分析上述参数与胶乳产量、茎围等主要农艺性状的相关性。结果如下:1)7个品系中,石细胞以内的次生韧皮部厚度与茎围,再生皮的厚度呈正相关。2)胶乳产量与石细胞以内的次生乳管列数目,树皮中的次生乳管列数目与树皮总厚度的比值呈正相关;其中,热试419树皮结构的次生乳管列数目与树皮结构的总厚度的比值明显高于其他品系,次生乳管的总列数最多,乳管分化能力较强,且胶乳产量最高。3)热试9359和RRIM600次生乳管的分化能力较强,产胶潜力大。该实验结果为以树皮乳管分化指标辅助评价主要农艺性状提供了参考,也为参试品系割胶技术的开发提供了依据。     

热带桉树人工林液流特征及其对环境因子的响应

【目的】探明热带桉树蒸腾耗水时间变化规律及其与环境因子的关系。【方法】通过热扩散探针法(TDP)于2016年1—12月对海南省儋州林场桉树树干液流进行实时监测,并同步监测气象、土壤水分等相关环境因子。【结果】①雨季桉树液流瞬时变化特征多为"双峰"型曲线,旱季为"单峰"型,雨季液流到达峰值时间在11:00—11:30之间,峰值平均为8.68 mL/(cm2·h),并在15:00—15:30出现第2个液流峰值,平均峰值为8.16 mL/(cm2·h),旱季液流达到峰值时间在13:00—13:30之间,峰值平均为7.45 mL/(cm2·h);②旱季和雨季桉树液流瞬时速率对相对湿度和大气温度的时滞均为30 min,对光合有效辐射的时滞均为-30 min;③日尺度上桉树平均液流速率为2.06 mL/(cm2·h),最大值出现在7月15日,为4.25 mL/(cm2·h);最小值出现在11月25日,为0.14 mL/(cm2·h),太阳有效辐射(PAR)、大气温度(Ta)、饱和水气压差(VPD)是影响桉树日均液流的主要环境因子,树木胸径大小与日均液流速率正相关;④桉树月均液流速率的变化特征为"单峰型"曲线,雨季液流速率均值为2.53 mL/(cm2·h),旱季为1.80 mL/(cm2·h),最大值出现于7月,为3.42 mL/(cm2·h),最小值在2月,为1.40 mL/(cm2·h),其中PAR、Ta、VPD是主要影响因子。【结论】热带桉树人工林液流存在明显昼夜与季节节律,不同观测尺度下影响桉树液流速率的主要环境因子均为PAR、Ta、VPD。     

肉桂和同源根皮不同极性部位的成分分析及其抑菌效果

以肉桂及其同源根皮为原料,采用80%乙醇分别对两者进行回流提取,经系统溶剂法萃取得到两者的石油醚部位、乙酸乙酯部位、正丁醇部位和水部位,并采用滤纸片法研究各极性部位对常见的3种致病菌(金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌、绿脓杆菌)的抑菌活性。研究结果表明:相同质量的肉桂和根皮提取得到的各极性部位的质量、成分种类及含量均有所差异,其中石油醚部位所含成分大致相同,但主要成分反式肉桂醛、邻甲氧基肉桂醛含量差异较大;两者乙酸乙酯部位、正丁醇部位和水部位分别含有黄酮类,皂苷类和多糖类成分;此外根皮乙酸乙酯部位还含有邻甲氧基肉桂醛、乙酸肉桂酯,根皮水部位含有D-半乳糖。肉桂石油醚部位、根皮石油醚部位、根皮乙酸乙酯部位对3种菌均有一定的抑制作用,当这3个部位的质量浓度均为500 g/L时,对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌、绿脓杆菌的抑菌圈直径分别大于(17.62±0.22)、(25.21±2.09)和(12.82±0.30)mm,肉桂乙酸乙酯部位抑菌作用较弱,肉桂和根皮正丁醇部位和水部位对3种供试菌种均无抑制作用。     

微波预处理对桉木化机浆性能的影响

通过微波、水浴两种加热方式下浸渍木片吸液量的比较,探究了微波对桉木渗透性的影响,结果显示:在其它浸渍条件(NaOH质量分数4%,木片质量分数20%)相同的情况下,木片浸渍时,经微波加热后其吸液量较水浴加热显著提高,微波处理5 min即可达到水浴处理45 min的吸液量,大大提高了浸渍效率。将微波用于化学机械法制浆的预浸渍阶段,经微波处理所得纸浆二段漂白白度最高可达68.9%(ISO),较汽蒸保温提高3～6个百分点;在加拿大游离度为305 mL时,微波处理浆的抗张指数可达19 N·m/g,撕裂指数可达2.15 mN·m^2/g,耐破指数达0.8 kPa·m^2/g,分别比汽蒸处理样高3 N·m/g、0.2 mN·m^2/g和0.1 kPa·m^2/g。     

浸渍高温热处理改性桉木力学性能分析

以脲醛树脂作为浸渍剂,纳米SiO_2作为改性材料对速生桉木进行改性处理,以纳米SiO_2质量与脲醛树脂浸渍溶液固含量的质量比(W)、高温处理温度(H)和时间(T)作为影响因素,探究浸渍高温热处理改性对速生桉木力学性能的影响。研究结果表明:浸渍高温热处理能够提高桉木的握钉力、抗弯强度和抗弯弹性模量。当W为2%、H为180℃、T为4 h时,浸渍热处理桉木的径面和弦面握钉力达到了理想值;当W为1%、H为160℃、T为4 h时,浸渍热处理桉木的端面握钉力较为理想;当W为1%,H为160℃、T为2 h时,浸渍热处理桉木具有较好的抗弯强度和抗弯弹性模量。     

The importance of host characteristics and canopy openness for pest management in urban forests

Urban forests are important for the health of cities. These forests face high anthropogenic pressure, including demands on their multi-functional role. Therefore, the impact of pests-induced disturbances may be greater for urban forests than forests outside of cities. Monitoring of pests in their native environment is an important tool for the management of urban forests. To better understand how pest population density is affected by the forest environment, we used the Oak bark beetle, Scolytus intricatus, as a model organism. The study was carried out in 2014–2015 in the urban forests of Pardubice City, Czech Republic. Pest population density was studied at three levels: branch, tree and patch. The increasing branch diameter was identified as an important variable with a threshold of 70 mm for entrance holes and 45 mm for emergence holes. Increasing host tree diameter at breast height with a threshold of 46.8 cm was statistically significant at the tree level in terms of the number of entrance holes. Increasing spring canopy openness was identified as an important variable at the patch level with a threshold of 50.78% and had a decreasing trend for the number of reared adults and their total body size. Big oak trees with thick branches under closed spring canopy are the most susceptible to attack by S. intricatus. Based on our findings, we propose that the maintenance of mature oaks under open canopies is important for urban forest management. Avoiding mixed plantings of oaks and conifers should promote these open canopies and lead to multiple advantages regarding oak silviculture.     

Lysimeter study on the use of biodrainage to control waterlogging and secondary salinization in (canal) irrigated arid/semi-arid environment

The study describes the capacity of trees to control the rise in water table and thus prevent the formation of waterlogged soils and development of secondary salinization in canal irrigated areas. It was conducted in RCC lysimeters of 1.2 m dia. and 2.5 m depth filled with sandy loam alluvial soil (Typic Ustochrept), with provisions to maintain water table depth at 1, 1.5 and 2 m from the surface and groundwater salinity at 0.4, 3, 6, 9 and 12 dS m-1. The amount of water biodrained by eucalyptus (Eucalyptus tereticornis) and bamboo (Bambusa arundinacea) at the given water table depths and groundwater salinity levels was monitored over four years by daily measuring the water needed for maintaining the water table. The trees continued to absorb and transpire water throughout the year, the capacity being more in summer and rainy than that was in the winter season. The eucalyptus plant could biodrain 2880, 5499, 5518 and 5148 mm of water in the first, second, third and fourth year of study period, from non-saline groundwater and a water table depth of 1.5 m. The amount of water biodrained was more at 1.5 m as compared to 1 and 2 m water table depths. The biodrainage capacity of trees was significantly affected by the salinity of the groundwater. However, even at salinity of 12 dS m-1, the eucalyptus plant biodrained 53% of that under non-saline conditions. It was calculated that biodrainage could control water table rises upto 1.95, 3.48, 3.76 and 3.64 m in first, second, third and fourth year, respectively. The secondary salinity developed in the root zone, upto 45 cm depth, did not exceed 4 dS m-1 even at water table depth of 1 m with salinity of 12 dS m-1. The volume of water biodrained by bamboo increased with time and could control water table rises upto 1.09, 1.86, 2.46 and 2.96 m in first, second, third and fourth year of growth, respectively.This study indicates that due to high transpiration capacity and an ability to extract water from deeper layers containing saline groundwater, the trees can control the rise in water table in irrigation command areas and prevent the formation of waterlogged and eventually the saline wastelands.     

Antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory activities of Pinus radiata bark extract in salmonid cell lines

A fish meal supply shortage is limiting aquaculture development. Currently, plant‐based proteins, such as soya bean meal, are being used as an alternative protein source, despite that such a diet can adversely affect fish, such as by inducing an inflammatory response. A possible solution is to include dietary additives in farm diets to counteract negative effects. One such solution originates from pine bark extracts, which present bioactive properties. In this study, the antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory properties of Pinus radiata bark extracts were evaluated for the first time in a salmonid cell line. This extract chemically demonstrated antioxidant activity through 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH = 58.4 ± 1.1%) and ferric ion reducing antioxidant power (FRAP = 575 ± 17 mgEqFe(II)·g extract^?1) assays. Additionally, the extract showed high flavonoid and phenolic compound contents. Up to 100 mg mL^?1, the P. radiata extract showed no cytotoxicity in the CHSE‐214 salmonid embryo cell line. Moreover, the antioxidant activity of the extract (50 μg mL^?1) was evaluated by a dichlorofluorescein (DCFH) assay in the SHK‐1 salmon cell line challenged with an oxidant stimulus (H₂O₂), showing 58.9% activity. The extract also protected DNA from oxidative damage, as observed through a comet assay. When assessing anti‐inflammatory properties in an in vitro inflammation model, the extract significantly reduced the relative expression of the pro‐inflammatory cytokines interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β), tumour necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) and interleukin‐8 (IL‐8) and of the inducible cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) enzyme. These results suggest a potential application of P. radiata bark extract in functional foods in aquaculture.     

基于遥感温度植被干旱指数的小蠹虫害预警

针对小蠹虫对森林的危害隐蔽强,症状滞后性明显,在其早期发生时进行遥感识别非常困难。该文基于干旱和虫害存在一定的时滞相关性的假设,提出基于温度植被干旱指数(temperature vegetation dryness index,TVDI)预报小蠹危害的方法。以遭受大面积连续干旱和小蠹危害的云南省中部的石林县为案例区,利用Landsat数据,建立归一化植被指数(normalized difference vegetation index,NDVI)-地表温度(land surface temperature,Ts)特征空间,估算逐像元TVDI。基于地面小班调查的虫害等级数据(健康、轻度、中度和重度4个等级),比较不同虫害等级斑块TVDI差异。同时,以持续干旱2011年轻度受害区为例,结合受害前后云南松林NDVI差值(difference of NDVI before and after the forest attacked by bark beetles,d NDVI)表征实际受害程度的方法,建立TVDI与d NDVI的关系,对2012年进行预测。结果表明,2010-2015年,受害区整体呈下降趋势,TVDI由西向东逐渐变大。健康云南松林TVDI显著高于虫害云南松林(P0.05),且虫害越严重,TVDI越小;2011年,TVDI与d NDVI呈显著负相关(P0.05),可以用线性模型进行拟合,拟合决定系数R2为0.322。采用模型对2012年实际发生情况进行预测,得到预测与实测d NDVI均方根误差RMSE为0.237。在整体干旱的环境下,相对湿润的地方小蠹虫害更严重。因此,可以根据TVDI空间分布特征,找出TVDI相对较小的区域,作为虫害可能发生的重点关注区域,该研究对及时发布虫情监测信息有建设性的意义。