不同年龄段的农村老人养老现状及思考——基于宝鸡市1064名农村老人的实证调查

为全面了解宝鸡市农村老人的养老现状,通过入户发放问卷对宝鸡市三个整村的1 179名老人进行了调查,运用SPSS计算机统计软件对问卷数据进行了统计分析.结果显示,不同年龄阶段的农村老人在养老方式、子女赡养、帮扶对象等方面存在多元需求,因此探索建立养老服务的新模式体系,建议不同年龄段老人采用不同的养老方式;提出子女赡养和贫困救助帮扶的建议;针对农村老人特点开展丰富的文化娱乐活动,提高老人的生命质量.希望能缓解宝鸡市农村老人养老面临的巨大压力.     

西北高寒民族地区农牧村城镇化发展研究——以甘南藏族自治州为例

甘南州是青藏高原"中华水塔"的重要涵养地。其农牧村城镇化条件、城镇化功能、城镇化动力都具有区域特殊性。实施中心城镇优先发展战略,对化解甘南州城镇化弱质与建设资金短缺的区情,协调甘南州生态环境保育与区域发展,降低进城农牧民的转移成本和分享现代文明生活等方面具有重要的作用;中心城镇的发展,为甘南州招商引资,吸纳、存留人才创造良好条件。最后从确定合理的城镇规模、增强中心城镇基础设施和服务设施的供给能力、壮大城镇产业、注重城镇特色化建设、加强中心城镇生态环境保护等5个方面,提出了中心城镇发展的路径。     

少数民族自治区可持续发展能力综合评价——以贵州省少数民族自治县为例

为了研究我国少数民族自治地方的可持续发展能力,以贵州省为例,运用因子分析法,通过构建可持续发展能力指标体系,对其11个少数民族自治县的可持续发展能力进行了综合评价:同时运用聚类分析法,对各县的经济可持续发展能力、社会可持续发展能力、生态可持续发展能力以及可持续发展综合能力了进行空间聚类,并就增强少数民族地区的可持续发展能力提出了相应的建议.     

Connectivity,habitat, and flow regime influence fish assemblage structure: Implications for environmental water management in a perennial river of the wet–dry tropics of northern Australia

1. Environmental water management seeks to balance competing demands between the water needed to sustain human populations and their economic activities and that required to sustain functioning freshwater ecosystems and the species they support. It must be predicated on an understanding of the environmental, hydrological, and biological factors that determine the distribution and abundance of aquatic species.
2. The Daly River of the wet–dry tropics of northern Australia consists of a perennially flowing main stem and large tributaries, as well as many small to large naturally intermittent tributaries, and associated off‐channel wetlands. Increased groundwater abstraction to support irrigated agriculture during the dry season threatens to reduce dry‐season flows that maintain perenniality and persistence of freshwater fishes.
3. Fish assemblages were surveyed at 55 locations during the dry season over a 2‐year period with the goal of establishing the key landscape‐scale and local‐scale (i.e. habitat) drivers of fish species distribution.
4. Longitudinal (upstream/downstream) and lateral (river/floodplain) gradients in assemblage structure were observed with the latter dependent on the position in the river landscape. Underlying these gradients, stream flow intermittency influenced assemblage composition, species richness, and body size distributions. Natural constraints to dispersal were identified and their influence on assemblage structure was also dependent on position within the catchment.
5. Eight distinct assemblage types were identified, defined by differences in the abundance of species within five groups differing in functional traits describing body size, spawning requirements, and dispersal capacity. These functional groups largely comprised species widely distributed in northern Australia.
6. The results of the study are discussed with reference to the environmental flow needs of the Daly River and other rivers of northern Australia. The findings may also be applied to environmental flow management in savannah rivers elsewhere.

     

Frogs under friendly fire: How accurately can the general public recognize invasive species?

Members of the general public interact with wildlife in many ways, and an inability to distinguish between species can have significant implications for conservation. For example, attempts by environmentally-concerned private citizens to control invasive species may cause collateral damage unless people can reliably distinguish native fauna from the invader. We tested the Australian public’s ability to distinguish invasive cane toads (Bufo marinus) from native frogs at egg, tadpole, subadult and adult life-history stages. Errors were common, especially for eggs and tadpoles (27-31% error rates) and less so for subadult and adult toads and frogs (5-43% error rates). Accuracy of identification was higher in people living in areas where toads occur (compared to other parts of Australia or overseas), and similar in men and women (but with a decrease in older men). Ability to identify anurans was increased by toad-identification awareness programs and membership of “toad-busting” community groups, but direct killing of cane toads by the general public may inflict substantial “friendly fire” on native frogs. In the absence of any clear evidence for ecological benefits from toad-killing, we suggest that such collecting activities should be conducted only in areas where toads are known to occur, and under the supervision of trained personnel (to identify any anuran before it is killed), rather than as an ad hoc activity pursued independently by local residents. More generally, conservation activities that involve public participation should carefully evaluate the potential rates and consequences of species misidentification by well-intentioned but untrained people.     

Verbesserungsvorschlag zur gefahrlosen Beheizung brennbarer Lösungsmittel zur Fettextraktion (Kurzmitteilung)

A crop rotation field study with manure application was established at Tartu in 1985. Biological and chemical properties were evaluated on fine sandy loam Podzoluvisol in May 1989. The treatments included unmanured (N_o and N₈₀) controls, two peat based composts and five manures of different origin. The procedures of the most probable number (MPN) and spread plate counts were used for microbiological investigation, but also enzymatic activities, nitrogen forms, total‐C and pH were simultaneously estimated in plough layer soil. The most variable i.e. the most clearly differentiated physiological groups within manures were cellulolytic and ammonifying bacteria followed by Azotobacter spp. together with actinomycetes. Abundance of aerobic cellulolytic and ammonifying bacteria correlated positively with the number of soil algae and fungi, and negatively with nitrate‐ and nitrite‐reductase. The number of actinomycetes correlated positively with urease and catalase activity. Soil enzymatic activity was mainly modified by nitrite‐reductase. Peat composts had the highest C‐content and highest pH value compared with other soils. Pig slurry and NH₄NO₃ (N80) treatment had the highest level of fixed NH⁺ ₄ ‐ions in soil. Nine months after manure application no differences were found in the unstable NO^– ₃content of soil. Variation in the number of the studied microbial physiological groups between treatments remained insignificant.     

塔里木大学维吾尔族大学生学习心理状态调查与分析

本文主要运用调查法对塔里木大学维吾尔族大学生学习心理状态进行调查与分析,结果表明:维吾尔族大学生学习心理状态整体较好,性别差异、年级差异显著;其学习心理受民族文化影响较大,具有求知欲强烈,学习兴趣浓厚,学习自我效能感高,学习动机复杂而强烈,学习交往行为半开放性的特点。     

贵州特色民族文化与旅游的融合发展浅议

指出了随着社会的不断发展和旅游者素质的提高,人们在旅游活动中的文化需求不断增强,文化旅游正进入发展热潮时期,贵州的民族文化与旅游融合发展的趋势也日益明显。介绍了贵州的民族文化及其优势,分析了贵州文化与旅游融合发展的必然性,并描述了贵州文化与旅游融合发展现状,针对发展过程中存在的问题提出了相应的对策和建议。     

Feeding Records of Captive Antelope at Jonkershoek

The complex life cycles of most trematode parasites include three hosts. The first intermediate host is a snail, the second is normally a teleost fish and a piscivorous bird serves as the definitive host. Lymnaeid snails are most likely to be responsible for cercarial shedding, which infect exposed fish and in turn are eaten by piscivorous birds. From 2008 to 2010 fish in the Okavango and Orange-Vaal River Systems were collected and dissected in order to determine the prevalence and intensity of larval trematode infections in the eyes and brains. This paper discusses the possible ecological factors which can influence the probability of certain fish species becoming infected with diplostomid cercariae and hence metacercariae. The feeding strategies and sizes of piscivorous birds, which could act as definitive hosts for the adult worms, are summarized and discussed. Information on the snail species responsible for furcocercous cercarial shedding in the two study sites is also included.     

大学生非正式小群体探析

分析了当前大学生非正式小群体大量存在的因素，提出学生工作应加强学生基层组织建设，规范非正式小群体。