基于氮平衡的种养结合沼液资源化利用研究

研究沼液经济性消纳对提高沼液资源利用率、维持沼气工程稳定运行、缓解养殖带来的环境压力、提升农业废弃物资源化利用效率和经济效益,推动种养循环一体化发展具有重要意义。为此,结合农业废弃物资源化利用方式,基于盈亏平衡分析和秸秆资源化利用模型,以沼液经济性消纳半径为核心,探究了沼气工程投资金额和处理规模之间的关系,提出了沼液经济性消纳模型。研究结果表明:沼气工程投资金额与处理规模之间关系性较强(R 2=0.9842);沼液经济性消纳半径R bsa选取的主要影响因素是运输费用和沼液中N含量,不同消纳区域农业生产系数的差异性也会对经济性消纳半径的评估产生影响。利用模型对江西新余南英垦殖场规模化沼气发电工程(SBPGP)沼液经济性消纳半径进行估算,在保证氮平衡基础下,其沼液最小消纳范围在31.94 km 2左右。沼液经济性消纳模型的构建,为以沼气工程为纽带的种养一体化循环模式提供了技术参考,从经济性视角为循环农业发展提供了理论依据,从而实现经济效益与环境效益协调发展的目标。     

基于单螺杆膨胀机的发动机排气余热回收系统

针对发动机排气余热的特点,设计了有机朗肯循环(ORC)排气余热回收系统,采用单螺杆膨胀机作为动力输出装置,采用R245fa作为工质,提出了发动机排气余热利用率的概念和计算方法。结合发动机的试验数据,分析了ORC工质蒸发压力和发动机转速对ORC系统性能的影响,确定了适用于ORC系统的工质蒸发压力的最佳值。研究结果表明,当工质蒸发压力为3.0 MPa时,ORC系统能够在发动机全转速范围内正常工作,并且ORC系统的净输出功率最高可达12.1 kW,热力学第一定律效率最高可达11.27%,热力学第二定律效率最高可达25.8%,发动机排气余热利用率最高可达8.9%,发动机排气余热回收效果明显。     

标定工况柴油机燃用小油桐油料的循环波动研究

在单缸水冷四冲程柴油机上针对不同的小油桐油料进行了标定工况试验,测录了多循环的瞬时气缸压力与高压油管燃油压力,对比分析了喷油与燃烧过程中各参数的循环波动。结果发现,小油桐油的喷油始点比柴油迟1°CA,喷油持续期相当,最高喷油压力要高出近5 MPa;滞燃期比柴油缩短约3°CA,燃烧始点早于柴油约2°CA,燃烧压力升高率明显比燃用柴油时低,最高燃烧压力也低于柴油。在循环波动上,柴油的滞燃期、燃烧始点均较稳定。燃用加热后的小油桐油平均指示压力的波动率较低,其燃烧过程,特别是后燃期较为稳定。     

混合悬架半主动控制器设计与试验

为改善传统被动悬架的动力学性能,回收悬架振动能量,设计了一种半主动混合悬架系统。建立1/4车动力学方程,分别研究馈能回路处于Boost模式和Buck模式时馈能回路内电流的变化情况,并分析MOS管占空比对直线电动机电磁阻尼力的影响。在此基础上,引入基于天棚和地棚混合控制的半主动控制策略。提出半主动控制参考力的概念,并运用粒子群算法确定其最优控制参数。通过对不同工作模式下电路电流的追踪,达到对电动机电磁阻尼力实时控制的目的。接着运用Simulink仿真搭建混合悬架系统模型,分别进行动力学性能、馈能性能以及电流跟踪控制效果对比。仿真结果表明,半主动混合悬架能够在改善车辆动力学性能的同时回收部分振动能量,所设计的半主动控制器对电流有较好的控制效果。最后,进行台架试验,通过对比试验结果验证了仿真结果的正确性。     

磷在富营养化湖泊沉积物-水界面的循环

沉积物中部分固定的磷可通过分解或溶解作用而释放磷酸盐到沉积物间隙水中;再生的磷可能释放到上覆水体中,或在沉积物中作为一种自生相而再沉淀,或被沉积物的其它组分所吸附。本文描述了磷在沉积物-水界面的迁移过程,并对影响磷循环的因子及其磷自沉积物释放的机制作一简要概述。     

Grazing intensity alters soil respiration in an alpine meadow on the Tibetan plateau

Grazing intensity may alter the soil respiration rate in grassland ecosystems. The objectives of our study were to (1) determine the influence of grazing intensity on temporal variations in soil respiration of an alpine meadow on the northeastern Tibetan Plateau; and (2) characterise the temperature response of soil respiration under different grazing intensities. Diurnal and seasonal soil respiration rates were measured for two alpine meadow sites with different grazing intensities. The light grazing (LG) meadow site had a grazing intensity of 2.55 sheep ha⁻¹, while the grazing intensity of the heavy grazing (HG) meadow site, 5.35 sheep ha⁻¹, was approximately twice that of the LG site. Soil respiration measurements showed that CO₂ efflux was almost twice as great at the LG site as at the HG site during the growing season, but the diurnal and seasonal patterns of soil respiration rate were similar for the two sites. Both exhibited the highest annual soil respiration rate in mid-August and the lowest in January. Soil respiration rate was highly dependent on soil temperature. The Q₁₀ value for annual soil respiration was lower for the HG site (2.75) than for the LG site (3.22). Estimates of net ecosystem CO₂ exchange from monthly measurements of biomass and soil respiration revealed that during the period from May 1998 to April 1999, the LG site released 2040 g CO₂ m⁻² y⁻¹ to the atmosphere, which was about one third more than the 1530 g CO₂ m⁻² y⁻¹ released at the HG site. The results suggest that (1) grazing intensity alters not only soil respiration rate, but also the temperature dependence of soil CO₂ efflux; and (2) soil temperature is the major environmental factor controlling the temporal variation of soil respiration rate in the alpine meadow ecosystem.     

先锋植物沙棘Ⅲ——生活史分析

就沙棘生态习性,应归属r-型生态对策型。沙棘的生活史具两型性(有性和无性繁殖),是对有限资源权衡利用与分配在生命维持-生长-繁殖-扩散上的不均衡结果,是长期自然选择,进化的结果。固氮与克隆生长有利与扩大了r-型生态对策。雌雄异株的进化,避免了近交衰退和提高了沙棘的适合度。沙棘的花序分化受多种同源异型基因调控,而性别决定则受Y性染色体上性基因连锁决定。沙棘繁殖力很高,但衰老较快,是一种生命期(20年左右)较短的灌木。     

机械设备等间距大修费的季节周期预测法

根据机械设备等间距大修的特点。研究提出适用于该类机械设备维修费预测的新方法，即季节周期预测法。示例计算表明，运用此法对等间距大修维修费进行预测，具有较高的精度。     

土壤中木质素的研究进展

木质素是地球上最丰富的芳香族化合物,是土壤中非常稳定的有机组分,也是影响土壤有机碳循环的重要物质,因此,研究木质素在农田土壤中的积累对于土壤碳素的循环过程以及土壤有机碳的截获具有十分重要的意义。本文对土壤中木质素的分类和来源、测定及表征方法进行了综合介绍,并着重评述了木质素对于土壤有机碳循环的贡献、在土壤中的保持机制及影响木质素在土壤中降解和积累特性的因素,以期为我国开展土壤木质素的相关研究提供理论参考。     

Desiccation and cracking behaviour of clay layer from slurry state under wetting-drying cycles

Laboratory tests were conducted to investigate the effect of wetting-drying (W-D) cycles on the initiation and evolution of cracks in clay layer. Four identical slurry specimens were prepared and subjected to five subsequent W-D cycles. The water evaporation, surface cracks evolution and structure evolution during the W-D cycles were monitored. The effect of W-D cycles on the geometric characteristics of crack patterns was analyzed by image processing. The results show that the desiccation and cracking behaviour was significantly affected by the applied W-D cycles: the measured cracking water content θ_c, surface crack ratio R_sc and final thickness h_f of the specimen increased significantly in the first three W-D cycles and then tended to reach equilibrium; the formed crack patterns after the second W-D cycle were more irregular than that after the first W-D cycle; the increase of surface cracks was accompanied by the decrease of pore volume shrinkage during drying. In addition, it was found that the applied W-D cycles resulted in significant rearrangement of specimen structure: the initially homogeneous and non-aggregated structure was converted to a clear aggregated-structure with obvious inter-aggregate pores after the second W-D cycle; the specimen volume generally increased with increasing cycles due to the aggregation and increased porosity. The image analysis results show that the geometric characteristics of crack pattern were significantly influenced by the W-D cycles, but this influence was reduced after the third cycle. This is consistent with the observations over the experiment, and indicates that the image processing can be used for quantitatively analyzing the W-D cycle dependence of clay desiccation cracking behaviour.