天津市农业科学院院长基金项目资助情况浅析

对"七五"以来天津市农业科学院院长基金的立项数量和各研究领域分别资助情况进行了详细分析,并指出了其中存在的问题,对院长基金的发展提出了几点建议。     

鄱阳湖棉区在“千斤棉”创建中的问题及应对措施

通过3年国家棉花产业技术体系鄱阳湖棉区“亩产千斤子棉”超高产创建,总结分析了在“千斤棉”创建中主要来源于自然灾害、基础条件和栽培技术等方面的不利因素;提出了科学选择试验地选点、合理密植、适度化控、应用滴灌管道抗旱施肥、科学防治病虫害等应对措施来提高产量的稳定性。     

基于毛细管电泳的日本落叶松MSAP反应体系的建立

[目的]建立基于毛细管电泳的日本落叶松最佳MSAP反应体系,获得条带清晰,信号强度均一的DNA甲基化图谱,为今后开展日本落叶松表观遗传变异研究奠定基础。[方法]以日本落叶松未成熟木质部为试材,设置不同梯度的DNA模板用量以及选择扩增体系中引物浓度、Mg~(2+)浓度、dNTP浓度和exTaq DNA聚合酶浓度,确定各组分不同用量对毛细管电泳效果的影响,从而确立最适的MSAP反应体系。[结果]结果表明模板DNA以及exTaq DNA聚合酶浓度对毛细管电泳结果影响不明显,而高的引物浓度会引起条带的减少。Mg~(2+)及dNTP浓度是影响毛细管电泳结果最为关键的因素,浓度过低或过高会导致毛细管电泳图谱条带明显减少,杂峰显著增多。[结论]最终确立的反应体系为:DNA模板100 ng,引物0.75 pmol·μL~(-1),Mg~(2+)2 mmol·L~(-1),dNTP 0.375 mmol·L~(-1)和exTaq DNA聚合酶0.05 U·μL~(-1)。     

基于数值预报产品的温度客观预报集成模式的建立

利用泰安市2009年4月1日至2010年3月31日逐日最高气温和最低气温实况资料和T639、mm5、天气在线数值预报产品中最高气温和最低气温对应日的预报值、EC(欧洲中心)的数值预报产品中最高气温和最低气温对应日的预报值的订正值及1961—2010年逐日平均最高气温和最低气温平均值,以5家预报产品作为因子,采用多元回归方法,建立温度客观预报集成模式,为提高温度预报准确率提供依据。     

水稻抛栽秧苗立苗中的形态与生理变化

起身立苗是抛秧稻特有的一个基本过程,在生产实践中,能否及时起身立苗,无疑是决定抛秧稻成败的关键和应用的前提。以南粳44为试验材料,设置带土直立苗、带土倾斜苗、带土平躺苗、无土平躺苗、无土手栽苗等不同模拟苗姿,较系统地研究立苗期间的形态、生理变化。结果表明,①非直立苗起立期间分蘖节弯曲,秧苗基部下侧具有伸长功能的细胞生长快于上侧细胞,分蘖节下部发生大量新根,扎入土中,成为秧苗直立的支点。②带土倾斜苗、带土平躺苗、无土平躺苗的立苗时间分别是4d、8d和12d。③立苗过程中,带土直立苗和带土倾斜苗的发根优势明显、根系活力强,至第4天根量显著大于带土平躺苗、无土平躺苗和无土手栽苗。④无土秧苗活棵期间植株含水率比立苗初期下降快,后逐渐上升,10d后接近带土秧苗。⑤带土直立苗、带土倾斜苗抛后叶绿素含量高于无土手栽苗,无土平躺苗叶绿素含量低于无土手栽苗,带土平躺苗和无土手栽苗没有多大差异,所有处理秧苗除无土平躺苗外10d后叶绿素含量逐渐恢复正常。⑥栽后2d所有处理秧苗的根系、地上部的可溶性总糖在活棵立苗中被消耗,抛后4d无土秧苗地上部可溶性总糖开始增加,带土直立苗与带土倾斜苗活棵立苗快,栽后糖分消耗多。⑦立苗期间,各种苗姿植株地上、地下部的N、P、K积累量都增加,平均增速以带土秧苗大于无土秧苗,直立苗大于平躺苗。⑧各苗姿秧苗的理论产量、实际产量均是带土直立苗带土倾斜苗无土手栽苗带土平躺苗无土平躺苗。由此说明,带土秧苗比非带土秧苗立苗活棵立苗早,直立苗比非直立苗活棵早。因此,生产上抛秧稻要选择带土秧苗,提高直立苗比例,减少平躺苗比例,提高抛秧稻群体起点质量。     

食品质量与安全实验技术课程探索与实践

目前国内对食品质量和安全越来越重视,已有90多所高校设立了食品质量与安全专业。为更好地适应社会对食品质量与安全专业人才的需求,有必要设立"食品质量与安全实验技术"这一课程。结合社会需求和中国药科大学特色,设计了几个系列实验,涉及多方面专业课内容,将本课程逐步建设成综合性、创新性课程。     

甘肃金鳟AFLP体系建立及应用

甘肃金鳟是我国自主培育的虹鳟新品种,为进行其种质资源研究和遗传管理,以其尾鳍为试验材料,提取基因组DNA,对影响甘肃金鳟扩增片断长度多态性(AFLP)反应体系进行优化,包括模板DNA浓度、基因组酶切时间、选择性扩增中Mg2+、预扩增产物稀释倍数及选扩性引物M+3/E+3配比等进行比较分析,建立了适于甘肃金鳟的AFLP反应体系。即：100 ng 基因组DNA,3 U EcoR I 37℃酶切3 h,再 Mse I 65℃酶切5 h;然后用1 U的T4连接酶连接12 h, 选扩25 μl PCR反应体系中Mg2+2.0 mmol/L,预扩产物稀释30倍,选扩引物M+3/E+3配比为8∶1,所得产物经电泳和银染后可获得清晰条带,效果良好;筛选出了适宜甘肃金鳟品种分析的13对选择性引物。     

硫酸锰浸种对马铃薯幼苗的影响

以"克新13"马铃薯为材料,通过盆栽试验,利用不同浓度的硫酸锰浸种处理,通过测定马铃薯幼苗的株高、茎粗、单株叶面积、叶片叶绿素含量、叶片可溶性糖含量、干物质积累、叶片蔗糖转化酶活性等指标的变化,研究不同浓度的硫酸锰对马铃薯幼苗建成的作用效果.结果表明,适宜浓度的硫酸锰(0.015%～0.045%)能有效地提高叶绿素含量、叶片可溶性糖含量和叶片转化酶活性,促进幼苗株高、茎粗、单株叶面积形成和干物质积累,有利于马铃薯幼苗建成.     

河北坝上天然割草地补播豆科牧草早期建植的研究

为研究河北坝上天然割草地补播不同品种豆科牧草早期建植情况,试验选择沙打旺(Astragalus adsurgens)、黄花草木樨(Melilotus officinalis)、达乌里胡枝子(Lespedeza davurica)、箭筈豌豆(Vicia sativa)、紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa)、小叶锦鸡儿(Caragana microphylla)6种豆科牧草在河北坝上天然割草地进行补播,对补播牧草当年幼苗生长情况进行研究,结果表明:小叶锦鸡儿出苗率及存活率最高,分别为60%和92%。紫花苜蓿、箭筈豌豆幼苗株高最高,分别为13.34和13.74cm;二者平均相对生长速率最大,分别为0.160cm·d^-1和0.179cm·d^-1;达乌里胡枝子出苗率和存活率最低,分别为6.67%和0%。天然割草地补播豆科牧草,其中紫花苜蓿和箭筈豌豆早期建植能力最强,其次是小叶锦鸡儿,达乌里胡枝子早期建植能力最差。     

Effect of different rates of composted organic amendment on urban soil properties,growth and nutrient status of three Mediterranean native hedge species

Increasing green space, especially in densely built-up areas is considered to be a valuable climate change adaptation response in order to reduce the threat of high temperatures to human health and comfort and to controlled global greenhouse gas emissions. Practical responses to climate change, under urban conditions, in order to avoid or reduce trees and shrubs vulnerability, can be considered drought resistant planting approaches, as the addition of organic amendeds to soil. The improvement of physical–chemical soil quality is a key step for carrying out xeriscaping programs of urban green spaces in Mediterranean semiarid areas. Organic amendments, particularly compost, have been receiving a renewed attention not only in horticulture but also in the context of restoring disturbed urban soils to address environmental issues as well as to improve trees and shrubs growth. The influence of increasing rates (0, 15, 30, and 45%) of composted sewage sludge (SSC) placed in the plantation hole on both urban soil properties and growth for three native Mediterranean woody hedge species was monitored over a 2-year period after planting. The experiment was supported by a xerogardening project in an urban context under semi-arid conditions. The results indicate that the urban soil physical characteristics were positively influenced by the addition of SSC: the 45% rate showed an increase in both moisture and infiltration values, thereby increasing the volume of plant-available water in the soil. The chemical properties of the amended soils were also directly affected by the SSC rate, but the effect of the compost on organic matter, nitrogen and potassium contents decreased over time. Our results prove that the hedge growth response to the compost treatments is also highly dependent on the rate of compost used. At the end of the trial, in Rhamnus and Myrthus plants 30% compost level guarantees the best performance; in fact, the further addition of 15% of compost led to a significant decrease in hedge and diameter values, in particular in Myrtle. This could be explained by the high pH at 45% compost, which would seem not to suit the physiology of the two species. On the other hand, in Phillyrea plants, the rate of 45% compost gives high performance equal to that of 30%; it would therefore seem that the high pH at 45% compost does not influence the nutritive elements’ absorption and, as a consequence, the growth. The use of composted sludge as an amendment for sclerophyllous could be feasible and, what is more, helpful to mitigate the environmental impact of organic waste disposal. Moreover more natural vegetation can be introduced into urban parks and green spaces in semi-arid environments to encourage sustainable landscaping and xerogardening.