Effects of varying dietary compositions using common feed ingredients on growth and feed efficiency of pond‐raised channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque)

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate various ingredient combinations in a 28% or 32% protein diet for optimum performance of channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus. All diets contained soybean meal and corn, but with or without cottonseed meal, wheat middlings or fish meal (FM). Channel catfish fingerlings were stocked into 0.04 ha earthen ponds at 18 530 fish ha^?1. Fish were fed one of eight diets once daily to apparent satiation for two growing seasons. Results demonstrated that the dietary ingredient composition used had significant effects on fish performance, but magnitude of differences was relatively small. Overall, diets containing FM resulted in greater weight gain (Experiments 1 and 2) and lower feed conversion ratio (Experiment 1) than fish fed all‐plant diets. However, certain combinations of plant ingredients provided the similar fish growth as some diets containing FM. There were no significant differences in weight gain between fish fed soybean meal–corn or soybean meal–corn–wheat middlings‐based diets with cottonseed meal or FM. The use of wheat middlings in the diet had no significant effects on fish production characteristics.     

Extensive cage culture of pejerrey (Odontesthes bonariensis) in a shallow pampean lake in Argentina

Pejerrey is an important zooplanktivorous native fish of the Argentinean inland waters. It has been traditionally propagated for stocking purposes by relatively costly semi‐intensive and intensive methods. In this study, we evaluated the implementation of an extensive culture method by using floating cages in a shallow pampean lake. Four cages were installed in the Lacombe Lake and stocked with juveniles (16.24 ± 1.69 mm length) at 50 fish m^?3 density for growing until the size of 150 mm, which is considered as a suitable size for stocking. Throughout the experiment, the temperature ranged between 10 and 26 °C and the zooplankton biomass ranged between 12 and 3269 μg dw L^?1. The growth patterns in the length were similar in the four cages and directly related to the lake thermal conditions and zooplankton availability. The average final length after 315 days was 154.4 ± 8.8 mm. The survival rates ranged between 53.5% and 64.7% during the first 110 days and 11.1–25.7% at termination. Growth rate for the first 2 months was the highest documented for pejerrey culture. This simple technique offers the possibility to produce juvenile pejerrey at a low cost and provides the alternative of reinforcing the natural populations with fish already adapted to the natural environmental conditions.     

Lysine limitation alters the storage pattern of protein,lipid and glycogen in on‐growing Atlantic salmon

This experiment aimed to test the interaction of lysine limitation with nutrient accretion and muscle carnitine depot in Atlantic salmon. Fish were fed adequate or low‐lysine diets for 3 months. Lysine intake was significantly less (48%) in fish fed the low‐lysine diet as compared with that fed the adequate one. There was no difference in dietary amino acids between treatments, with the exception of lysine. The lower lysine intake was reflected in plasma free lysine being 52% less while the free lysine concentration in the liver and muscle were unaffected. Although there was no significant difference between voluntary feed intakes among treatments, fish fed the low‐lysine diet had reduced growth, protein and energy deposition as compared with fish fed the adequate lysine diet. White trunk muscle contained more glycogen and less protein in fish fed the low‐lysine diet while no difference in lipid was observed. The livers from fish fed the low‐lysine diet contained less glycogen and slightly more fat and protein than the livers from fish fed the adequate lysine diet. Lysine limitation reduced carnitine in the liver without affecting muscle carnitine depot. Thus, low‐lysine diets did not likely affect the fatty acid oxidation capacity. This fact was supported by unaffected fatty acid profiles and lipid classes between treatments during the 3‐month study. In conclusion, lysine limitation does not deplete the muscle carnitine depot during the on‐growing seawater phase of Atlantic salmon, but affects the deposition pattern of nutrients.     

半胱胺在水产动物中的应用

随着人们对动物产品安全性的关注,过去广泛使用的促生长剂,尤其是抗生素类以及化学合成药物类不断受到质疑。半胱胺作为一种调控神经内分泌系统生长抑素的抑制剂,成为新型促生长剂类的研究热点。     

Foraging specialisms, prey size and life-history patterns: a test of predictions using sympatric polymorphic Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus)

Abstract –  We use arguments based on optimal foraging theory to predict body size constraints and the consequences of these on a range of life-history traits in three trophic specialist morphs of Arctic charr, Salvelinus alpinus , living in sympatry in Loch Rannoch, Scotland. As predicted, foraging specialists feeding on small prey items with a narrow size range showed evidence of deterministic growth; the ultimate body size of macrobenthos feeders being larger ( L _∞ = 238 mm) than that of planktivores ( L _∞ = 216 mm). In contrast, the piscivorous morph showed no evidence of reaching a maximal body size.
The two size-constrained morphs (benthivores and planktivores) matured earlier and died younger (living for up to 11 and 7 years, respectively, in this study) than did the piscivorous charr which showed continuous growth up to at least 17 years.
The pattern of annual reproductive investment in maturing individuals was complex. Planktivores invested in larger eggs than the other two forms, but benthivores produced a greater number of eggs than planktivores, which in turn produced more than piscivores. Planktivorous males had a greater investment in mean testis weight than the other two forms.
Lifetime reproductive output was the greatest in the benthivorous charr, intermediate in planktivorous and the lowest in the piscivorous charr when measured either as fecundity or as gonadal weight. We conclude that constraints imposed upon foraging specialists by foraging efficiency is a significant driver of body size and ultimately reproductive investment in gape-limited foraging salmonids.     

人工养殖条件下不同投饵率对达氏鳇幼鱼生长影响的初步

为了确定达氏鳇幼鱼适宜的投饵率,选取同一种饲料设置的5个投饵率水平（分别为体重的0.5%、1.0%、1.5%、2.0%、2.5%）,在水温17℃~20℃,溶氧量在6.2mg/l以上的环境下对达氏鳇幼鱼体重的生长进行为期30天的试验。应用软件SPSS对各实验组相应的数据进行分析,结果表明（1）达氏鳇幼鱼相对增重率和特定生长率都随投饵率的增加,先升高后下降;而饲料转化率则逐渐下降。（2）达氏鳇幼鱼在该条件下的最适投饵率为1.0%。     

小肽制品对断奶仔猪生长性能和免疫机能的影响及机理研究

本研究以杜大长早期断奶仔猪为对象,分2次试验探讨了小肽制品对早期断奶仔猪的添加效果。试验1设计4个小肽制品的添加水平(0‰、2‰、4‰、6‰),探讨其对仔猪生长性能的影响,以此选择最佳添加量。试验2以试验1选出的最佳水平为添加量,研究小肽制品对仔猪生长性能和部分血液生理生化指标的影响,进一步探讨小肽作用的某些机理。试验1结果:添加2‰小肽制品的试验仔猪与对照组相比,日采食量和日增重分别提高了15.5%和17.3%(P<0.05);而随着添加量的增加,试验仔猪的生长性能呈下降趋势。故确定小肽制品的最佳添加量为2‰。试验2结果:以添加2‰小肽制品的日粮饲喂仔猪,试验仔猪的日采食量和日增重分别增加了15.7%(P<0.01)和18.1%(P<0.01),料重比和腹泻率分别减少了2.1%(P<0.05)和54.8%(P<0.05),这与试验1结果基本一致;血清总蛋白浓度和球蛋白浓度分别增加了45.8%(P<0.01)和19.4%(P<0.05),尿素氮浓度减少了39.6%(P<0.05),白球比降低了33.9%(P<0.05),谷草转氨酶、谷丙转氨酶、碱性磷酸酶分别增加了28.2%(P<0.05)、26.6%(P<0.05)和39.9%(P<0.01),乳酸脱氢酶活性降低了22.1%(P<0.05)。以上结果显示,小肽制品能显著提高蛋白质的沉积率,提高断奶仔猪的生长性能,增强其免疫机能。     

Effects of four egg desticking procedures on hatching rate and further survival and growth of larvae in the tench (Tinca tinca L.)

Four desticking procedures for tench eggs (A: tannic acid solution (1 g L⁻¹) for 15 s; B: alcalase enzyme solution (8 mL L⁻¹) for 60 s; C: alcalase enzyme solution (15 mL L⁻¹) for 120 s; D: Woynarovich and Woynarovich (1980) solution for 58 min followed by tannic acid solution (1 g L⁻¹) for 15 s) were tested to obtain data about influence on embryo survival to hatching stage and further survival and growth of the larvae. In the tannic acid and Woynarovich and Woynarovich (1980) treatment (A and D) few eggs stuck together and some were adhered to the incubator walls, whereas in the alcalase treatments (B and C) eggs neither stuck together nor adhered to the incubator walls. Percentages of hatched larvae did not show significant differences (mean values ranged between 47.4% in treatment A to 37.0% in treatment C). Larvae deformities observed were <0.5% in all cases. There were no significant differences among survival and growth rates of the larvae from different egg desticking origin, reaching, after 30 days, mean survival values around 90% and total length and weight of 12.5 mm and 19 mg respectively.     

不同放养密度对泥螺生长的影响

试验结果表明:随着泥螺放养密度的增加和养殖时间的推进,底泥总有机碳量减少,底栖硅藻数量有较明显降低。75万个/hm2组个体大(平均壳高1.583 cm),最终的产量也比较高(1129.5 kg/hm2),是比较合理的放养密度。     

In vivo and in vitro effects of Rhizopus extract on body growth and steroid production in masu salmon, Oncorhynchus masou Brevoort

This study investigated the in vivo and in vitro effects of Rhizopus (filamentous fungus) extract (RU) in masu salmon Oncorhynchus masou Brevoort. Underyearling fish were fed with RU for 16 months. Monthly changes in body growth, gonadal maturation and serum levels of sex steroids were monitored. Gonads were also incubated at 0, 1, 10, 100 and 1000 μg RU mL⁻¹ Leibovitz's L‐15 medium for 18 h. The levels of steroids in serum and cultured medium were measured. It was determined that RU‐fed immature and mature males, when compared with control groups, showed significantly higher body growth during spring, summer and the spawning period. Similarly, immature RU‐fed females showed significantly higher fork length and body weight in autumn, spring and summer. Furthermore, RU‐fed males showed significantly higher levels of serum testosterone (T) and 11‐ketotestosterone (11‐KT) levels in the pre‐spawning season, and 17α, 20β‐dihydroxy‐4‐pregnen‐3‐one (DHP) in the spawning season. In vitro RU incubation of gonads showed a dose‐dependent and significant increase in T, 11‐KT, oestradiol‐17β and DHP release in the medium. It appears that the causes of enhanced body growth and increased steroid production herein observed in salmonids are the physiologically active substances that may be present in the mycelium of the fungus.