露地栽培番茄斑萎病毒病发生流行规律调查及TSWV重要寄主植物监测

为明确云南省昆明市露地栽培条件下番茄斑萎病毒病的发生流行特征,于2014—2015年采用病害系统调查法结合病毒ELISA及RT-PCR检测方法研究露地栽培条件下由番茄斑萎病毒(tomato spotted wilt virus,TSWV)引起的病毒病发生规律及其重要寄主种类,并研究利用防虫网隔离蓟马对番茄斑萎病毒病的防控效果。结果表明:番茄斑萎病毒病在露地番茄主要种植期3—10月普遍发生,番茄苗期和移栽初期是该病毒病防控的关键期,带毒种苗调运是该病毒病的主要传播途径;田间多种茄科和菊科植物是TSWV的重要中间寄主。在田间,菊科寄主植物油麦菜、莴苣、鬼针草、牛膝菊上TSWV的检出率均较高,在42.53%～81.63%之间;茄科寄主植物中辣椒上TSWV的检出率最高,为41.99%,其次为马铃薯,TSWV检出率为27.78%,在番茄上TSWV的检出率为19.02%,因此生产中应对这些TSWV重要中间寄主给予更多关注和防控。应用防虫网能有效隔离蓟马,使番茄斑萎病毒病发病率和病情指数较对照分别降低了6.44个百分点和5.31,可有效降低番茄苗期及定植期斑萎病毒病的发生。     

广东省农作物种质资源调查与分析

【目的】为了解和摸清广东省农作物种质资源家底,广东省 2016 年启动第三次全国农作物种质资源普查与收集行动。【方法】2016 年 7 月至 2018 年 12 月,通过普查征集与系统调查收集相结合,对广东省 92个农业县（市、区）进行实地访问和资源调查收集。【结果】（1）本次资源普查与收集涉及 19 个地级市,东西跨度约 770 km,南北跨度约 590 km,横跨粤西、粤东、粤北和珠三角地区 687 个镇（包括街道、乡、村委）,实现了广东农业县（市、区）全覆盖。（2）广东省农作物种质资源在当地种植年代平均为 45 年,百年以上资源占 8.9%;提供资源农户的平均年龄为 56 岁,2.72% 农户为瑶族、壮族和畲族。（3）共收获资源 6 873 份,收集粮食作物种质资源 2 288 份、果树 1 445 份、蔬菜 2 189 份、经济作物 766 份、牧草绿肥 3 份、其他 182 份,涉及 83 科 192 属 283 种;粮食作物的食用豆、蔬菜的根茎类、果树的木本常绿果树、经济作物的糖茶桑烟等资源份数居多,占 52.12%;份数居前十位的科有豆科、禾本科、葫芦科、薯蓣科、百合科、十字花科、姜科、天南星科、山茶科和芸香科,占 70.3%;份数较多的种有大豆、水稻、豇豆、甘薯、花生、芋、茶树、丝瓜、姜、饭豆、南瓜、蒜、番木瓜、叶用芥菜、荔枝,占 49.5%。【结论】广东省第三次全国农作物种质资源普查与收集行动基本摸清我省农作物种质资源家底,抢救性收集古老地方品种、古老育成种、野生近缘和濒危野生种质资源,为创新种质、获得突破性品种提供可能。     

中山市五桂山野菜植物资源调查

据调查统计,中山市五桂山共有野菜植物44科69属81种,占全国总数的11.57%。其中蕨类植物4科4属5种,种子植物40科65属76种。文章分析了中山市五桂山的野菜植物资源特点,并就其开发利用提出了建议。     

大理州古茶树资源现状与保护利用对策研究

针对大理州古茶树资源现状,分析其存在轻抚育管理,导致树势减弱,重经济利益,过度开发利用,缺乏资金扶持,保护措施滞后等问题,提出提高认识,加强组织领导;根据古茶树资源现状,编制古茶树保护与综合开发规划;建立古茶树长效管理机制,加大监管与执法力度;加大资金扶持力度,促使古茶树资源保护措施落到实处;加强培训宣传,提高茶农保护意识;建立古茶树资源信息管理系统,完善动态监测体系等古茶树资源保护与利用对策。     

加拿大美国林业考察报告

本文介绍了加拿大、美国的林业发展、森林培育、森林经营等状况,并对吉林省林业的建设与发展提出了建议。     

Spatial patterns of the Citrus leprosis virus and its associated mite vector in systems without intervention

Leprosis is caused by the Citrus leprosis virus cytoplasmic type and is vectored by the mite Brevipalpus yothersi. Miticide applications, which cost $54 million annually, are based on inspection for the presence of mites. The aim of the present study was to characterize the spatial patterns of B. yothersi-infested trees and trees with leprosis symptoms for further improvement in sampling and disease control. The presence of mites and the occurrence of leprosis were assessed over two years in 1160 Valencia trees and 720 Natal trees in a commercial sweet orange grove in Sao Paulo State, Brazil. To assess the natural growth and dispersal of mites and leprosis, mite populations were not controlled during the experimental period. Maps of mite-infested trees and trees with leprosis symptoms were analysed at three different levels of spatial hierarchy using complementary methods, i.e. among adjacent trees within and across rows, within quadrats, and the strength and orientation of aggregation among quadrats. The study showed that the spatial patterns of virus-infected and mite-infested trees were different, with a strong aggregation pattern of trees with leprosis symptoms that increased over time. Conversely, the spatial pattern of B. yothersi showed randomness or weak aggregation at all three spatial hierarchical levels. Disease incidence increased steadily in plots of both cultivars, unlike in mite-infested trees where incidence fluctuated over time. These results have important implications for the development of better management strategies for leprosis. Sampling methods and action thresholds for mite control should consider primary disease inoculum in addition to the incidence of mites.     

Temporal and spatial progress of the diseases caused by the crinivirus tomato chlorosis virus and the begomovirus tomato severe rugose virus in tomatoes in Brazil

Efficient management of whitefly-borne diseases remains a challenge due to the lack of a comprehensive understanding of their epidemiology, particularly of the diseases tomato golden mosaic and tomato yellowing. Here, by monitoring 16 plots in four commercial fields, the temporal and spatial distribution of these two diseases were studied in tomato fields in Brazil. In the experimental plots these diseases were caused by tomato severe rugose virus (ToSRV) and tomato chlorosis virus (ToCV), respectively. The incidence of each virus was similar in the plots within a field but varied greatly among fields. Plants with symptoms for both diseases were randomly distributed in three of four spatial analyses. The curves representing the progress of both diseases were similar and contained small fluctuations, indicating that the spread of both viruses was similar under field conditions. In transmission experiments of ToSRV and ToCV by Bemisia tabaci MEAM1 (former biotype B), these viruses had a similar transmission rate in single or mixed infections. It was then shown that primary and secondary spread of ToCV were not efficiently controlled by insecticide applications. Finally, in a typical monomolecular model of disease progress, simulation of the primary dissemination of ToSRV and ToCV showed that infected plants were predominantly randomly distributed. It is concluded that, although the manner of vector transmission differs between ToSRV (persistent) and ToCV (semipersistent), the main dispersal mechanisms are most probably similar for these two diseases: primary spread is the predominant mechanism, and epidemics of these diseases have been caused by several influxes of viruliferous whiteflies.     

Influence of temperature,humidity duration and growth stage on the infection and mycotoxin production by Fusarium langsethiae and Fusarium poae in oats

High occurrence of Fusarium poae (FP) and Fusarium langsethiae (FL) and their mycotoxins nivalenol (NIV) and T-2/HT-2 have been observed in Swiss oats. Early prediction of mycotoxin levels is important for farmers and the cereal industry to minimize the risk of contaminated food and feed. Therefore, climate chamber experiments were conducted to investigate the influence of different temperatures (10, 15, 20 °C) and durations (4, 8, 12 h) at 99% relative humidity (RH) on the infection of oats with FP and FL. In addition, to discover the most susceptible period of oats, artificial FL inoculations were conducted at different growth stages. Field experiments were performed to observe the dispersal of these fungal species within the field and to investigate the weather conditions that influence the dispersal. The climate chamber experiments revealed higher contamination with NIV and T-2/HT-2 in the 10 °C treatments and with a prolonged humidity duration of 12 h 99% RH. Inoculations of oat plants at early (DC 61) and mid (DC 65) anthesis, led to higher FL infection and T-2/HT-2 accumulation in the grains compared with treatments at earlier growth stages, which might be due to an increased susceptibility during anthesis. No indication for spore dispersal was observed in the field experiments. The results obtained, together with the cropping factors that influence infection and mycotoxin production, could be used as a first step in developing forecasting models to predict the contamination of oats with the mycotoxins NIV and T-2/HT-2.     

Cryptic species and population genetic structure of Plasmopara viticola in São Paulo State,Brazil

Downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola) is one of the most important diseases in grape-growing areas worldwide, including Brazil. To examine pathogen population biology and structure, P. viticola was sampled during the 2015/16 growing season from 516 lesions on nine grape cultivars in 11 locations in subtropical areas of São Paulo State, Brazil. For identification of cryptic species, a subsample of 130 isolates was subjected to cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence (CAPS) analysis, and for 91 of these isolates the ITS1 region was sequenced. These analyses suggest that the population of P. viticola in São Paulo State consists of a single cryptic species, P. viticola clade aestivalis. Seven microsatellite markers were used to determine the genetic structure of all 516 P. viticola isolates, identifying 23 alleles and 55 multilocus genotypes (MLGs). Among these MLGs, 34.5% were clonal and represented 93% of the isolates sampled. Four dominant genotypes were present in at least five different locations, corresponding to 65.7% of the isolates sampled. Genotypic diversity (Ĝ = 0.21–0.89) and clonal fraction (0.58–0.96) varied among locations (populations). Most populations showed significant deviation from Hardy–Weinberg expectations; in addition, excess of heterozygosity was verified for many loci. However, principal coordinate analysis revealed no clusters among locations and no significant isolation by distance was found, suggesting high levels of migration. The results indicate that downy mildew epidemics result from multiple clonal infections caused by a few genotypes of P. viticola, and reproduction of P. viticola in São Paulo State is predominantly asexual.     

常熟市农机社会化服务调查分析

通过对常熟市稻麦生产不同农业经营主体进行农机社会化服务情况调查,从拥有主要农机具、可接受农机社会化服务和农机作业市场价格3个方面进行了关联分析,并对本地区推进农机服务模式与农业适度规模经营提出了合理化建议.