芸苔链格孢菌毒素对白菜细胞膜透性、SOD酶和POD酶活性的影响

 本文以白菜幼苗为材料,研究了芸苔链格孢菌毒素(AB-毒素)对白菜叶片细胞膜透性及叶片内SOD酶、POD酶活性变化的影响。结果表明,白菜叶片用AB-毒素处理后,细胞膜透性增大,且随处理时间的延长和毒素浓度的增加而增高。不同白菜品种用毒素处理后膜透性的改变与病菌接种的发病程度呈正相关,即电导率大的白菜品种,叶片发病也重。试验结果还发现,芸苔链格孢菌及其毒素处理白菜后,体内SOD酶和POD酶活性的变化基本趋于一致,即处理后12 h内急剧下降,然后(12~48 h)活性上升。而对照处理基本变化不大。可见,芸苔链格孢菌毒素表现了与其病原菌一致的致病作用。     

覆盖对烟田土壤酶活性及烤烟叶片荧光特性的影响

通过对烤烟大田3种不同覆盖方式的覆盖效应比较表明:覆盖明显增强了土壤过氧化氢酶和蔗糖酶活性,对脲酶活性有一定抑制作用;在烤烟生长前期,液膜覆盖处理土壤过氧化氢酶活性较对照和地膜覆盖处理分别平均提高5.72%、23.19%,且覆盖处理间差异达0.05显著水平;覆盖处理的蔗糖酶较对照平均提高0.8%,但3个处理间差异均不显...     

低温胁迫对葡萄品种梅鹿辄和贝达活性氧代谢的影响

以抗寒性不同的2个葡萄品种梅鹿辄和贝达为材料,研究不同温度下其1年生枝条叶片的细胞膜相对透性、丙二醛(MDA)含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)等抗氧化酶活性变化,并用组织化学定位方法检测氧自由基(O2·-)和H2O2水平,以期分析各指标与葡萄抗寒性之间的关系并了解其抗寒机制。结果表明,随温度降低,两个葡萄品种叶片的细胞膜相对透性、MDA、O2·-和H2O2含量显著升高,并且抗寒性弱的梅鹿辄增大幅度显著大于抗寒性强的贝达;贝达叶片中SOD、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性随温度降低显著提高且POD和CAT活性增大幅度显著高于梅鹿辄。推测POD和CAT活性及O2·-和H2O2形成速度与葡萄品种的抗寒性关系密切。     

犬瘟热病毒抗体检测方法的比较研究

用犬瘟热（ＣＤ）弱毒和自制的高免犬血清，建立了检测犬瘟热病毒（ＣＤＶ）抗体的中和（ＳＮ）试验、间接荧光抗体技术（ＩＦＡＴ）和间接免疫酶染色法。这３种方法对３８份ＣＤ弱毒疫苗免疫犬血清抗体效价的测定结果表明，当被检血清稀释度为１∶１００时，ＳＮ试验、ＩＦＡＴ和间接免疫酶染色法测定时的阳性血清数分别为２９，７和３１份，ＩＦＡＴ和间接免疫酶染色法测定结果相对于ＳＮ试验结果的符合率分别为４２．１％和９４．７％。同时发现，当ＳＮ试验测定的血清效价在１∶１００以上时，ＩＦＡＴ测定结果总是在１∶２５以上，间接免疫酶染色法测定结果总是在１∶１００以上。３种方法以各自初步确定的ＣＤＶ血清抗体效价完全保护值指标计算所测血清的完全保护率，ＳＮ试验为７６．３％，ＩＦＡＴ为７８．９％，间接免疫酶染色法为８１．６％。据此认为，ＩＦＡＴ和间接免疫酶染色法均可部分代替ＳＮ试验用于ＣＤ疫苗免疫效果的评价、免疫犬抗体水平的监测以及ＣＤ的流行病学调查     

双酶梭菌制剂对家兔生长和消化酶活性的影响

以加利福尼亚兔为试验材料,研究了双酶梭菌制剂对家兔生长及肠道消化酶活性的影响.试验用45日龄断奶加利福尼亚仔兔24只,随机分为2组,每组12只,雌雄各半.对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组在基础日粮中按1g/kg添加双酶梭菌制剂.饲喂30d后,测定家兔的增重和消化道消化酶活性.结果表明,日粮中添加双酶梭菌制剂后,可促进家兔的生长和肠道中的消化酶活性,提高饲料的利用率.     

Ontogeny of protease, amylase and lipase in the alimentary tract of hybrid Juvenile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus × Oreochromis aureus)

Juvenile tilapias (Oreochromis niloticus × O. aureus), with average body weights of groups I, II and III of 55.14, 122.82, and 225.68 g respectively were used to study changes in the activity of protease, amylase, and lipase in different organs and sections of the alimentary tract. Additionally, tract containing digesta, which is closer to physiological conditions, may help reveal the mechanisms of whole chemical digestion process. Another group of tilapias (mean body weight of 111.81 ± 0.14 g) was used to analyze changes in activity of protease, lipase, and amylase in response to varying pH and temperatures. The activity of enzymes in all digestive organs increased when body weight increased from 55 to 122 g, and the activity further increased when the weights increased from 122 to 225 g. The rates of increase in digestive enzyme activity were significantly greater than the rates of growth of the fish. When the activity was compared in different sections of the tract, a similar regularity was found for the three enzymes in all fish. The highest amounts of activity were seen in the foregut and the lowest in the rectum, with the middle amount of activity in the hindgut. The pH ranges for the maximum activity of tilapia protease in the stomach and intestine were 1.6–3.3 and 9.5–10.5 respectively and the optimal temperature in these organs was 55°C. The pH ranges for the maximum amylase activity in the intestine and hepatopancreas were 6–7 and 7.5 respectively, and high amylase activity in these organs was found at 25–35°C. The activity of lipase in the intestine remained unchanged at pH 6.0–9.0 and with temperatures between 25 and 35°C. These results suggest that the ability of tilapia to utilize feed varies at different growth stages and remains relatively stable with changes in environmental pH and temperature, which should be taken into account when designing feed formulas for tilapia.     

复合酶制剂对育成雉生长发育及生产性能的影响

研究ZY Ⅱ型复合酶制剂对育成雉生长发育及生产性能的积极影响。Ⅰ组为对照组 ,仅饲喂基础日粮 ;Ⅱ、Ⅲ组为试验组 ,分别在基础日粮中添加 1 0 %ZY Ⅱ型复合酶和 1 2 %ZY Ⅱ型复合酶。饲养试验结果表明 ,各试验组平均日增重均极显著高于Ⅰ组 (P <0 0 1 ) ,料重比均显著低于Ⅰ组 (P <0 0 5 ) ;屠宰与肉质分析试验结果表明 ,各试验组胸肌率、腿肌率显著高于Ⅰ组 (P <0 0 5 ) ,胸肌、腿肌中粗蛋白、总氨基酸、总必需氨基酸、天门冬氨酸、谷氨酸含量均高于Ⅰ组 (P >0 0 5 )。在试验组中进行综合比较 ,Ⅱ、Ⅲ组试验效果无显著差异 (P >0 0 5 )。     

利福平乙基纤维素微球在小鼠体内的组织分布

以有机相分散、溶媒扩散二步法制备了利福平乙基纤维素微球，粒径范围2.5-12.5μm，其中粒径2.5-5.0μm的约占63％。采用微生物测定法研究了利福平乙基纤维素微球静脉给药后，利福平在小鼠体内的组织分布，且与游离利福平在小鼠体内组织分布进行了比较，小鼠单剂量静脉注射游离利福平或利福平乙基纤维素微球（相当于利福平原药）10mg/kg，测定0.5、1、3、7、12、24、48、72、120、168h共10个时间点各组织中的药物浓度。结果表明，游离利福平给药组和利福平乙基纤维素微球给药组在12h内均以肝脏中药物浓度为最高，为9.96-22.41μg/g，在3h内微球给药组高于游离药物给药组，7、12h微球给药组的药物浓度迅速下降，低于游离药物给药组；肾脏的药物浓度在12h内微球给药组明显低于游离药物给药组，24－168h微球给药组的药物浓度下降迟缓，显著高于游离药物给药组直到168药物浓度始终是微球给药组高于游离药物给药组，12h游离药物给药组已不能检出药物含量，而微球给药组直到168h仍维持在5.44μg/g，接近游离药物给药组的最高峰值；血清中利福平浓度在48h已不能检出，而微球给药组在168h为1.33mg/L；心脏、用脏微球给药组和游离药物给药组的药物浓度变化无统计学意义，与游离药物相比，利福平微球明显提高了肺脏中的药物分布，降低了利福平对肝脏、肾脏的毒性，并显著延缓了药物代谢，说明利福平微球具有长效、靶向作用。     

Organic Fertilization in Traditional Mediterranean Grapevine Orchards Mediates Changes in Soil Microbial Community Structure and Enhances Soil Fertility

Soil microbial populations and their functions related to nutrient cycling contribute substantially to the regulation of soil fertility and the sustainability of agroecosystems. A field experiment was performed to assess the medium‐term effect of a mineral fertilizer and two organic fertilization systems with different nitrogen sources on the soil microbial community biomass, structure, and composition (phospholipid fatty acids, pattern, and abundance), microbial activity (basal respiration, dehydrogenase, protease, urease, β‐glucosidase, and total amount of phosphomonoesterase activities), and physical (aggregate stability) and chemical (total organic C, total N, available P and water‐soluble carbohydrates) properties in a vineyard under semiarid Mediterranean conditions after a period of 10 years. The three fertilization systems assayed were as follows: inorganic fertilization, addition of grapevine pruning with sheep manure (OPM), and addition of grapevine pruning with a legume cover crop (OPL). Both treatments, OPM and OPL, produced higher contents of total organic carbon, total N, available P, water‐soluble carbohydrates, and stable aggregates. The organic fertilization systems increased microbial biomass, shifted the structure and composition of the soil microbial community, and stimulated microbial activity, when compared with inorganic fertilization. The abundances of fungi and G+ bacteria were increased by treatments OPM and OPL, without significant differences between them. Organic and inorganic fertilization produced similar grapevine yields. The ability of the organic fertilization systems for promoting the sustainability and soil biological and chemical fertility of an agroecosystem under semiarid conditions was dependent of the organic N source. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.