山地茶园中不同种植模式对水土保持效果研究

重庆地区的山地茶园,在坡地等高种植的情况下,土壤年均侵蚀量在3198～27186 kg/hm²之间,随着坡度的增大,土壤侵蚀愈为严重,二者呈显著正相关;提高茶园土壤覆盖度可显著降低其水土流失量;梯型种植再辅以复合种植,是减少茶园中水土流失的最佳模式,其5～25°的茶园土壤年均侵蚀量在964.5～2613 kg/hm²之间,显著低于侵蚀标准     

基于土壤剖面测定数据计算中国土壤有机碳贮量

Soil organic carbon (SOC) storage under different types of vegetations in China were estimated using measured data of 2 440 soil profiles to compare SOC density distribution between different estimates, to map the soil organic carbon stocks under different types of vegetation in China, and to analyze the relationships between soil organic carbon stocks and environmental variables using stepwise regression analyses. Soil organic carbon storage in China was estimated at 69.38 Gt (1015 g). There was a big difference in SOC densities for various vegetation types, with SOC distribution closely related to climatic patterns in general. Stepwise regression analyses of SOC against environmental variables showed that SOC generally increased with increasing precipitation and elevation, while it decreased with increasing temperature. Furthermore, the important factor controlling SOC accumulation for forests was elevation, while for temperate steppes mean annual temperature dominated. The more specific the vegetation type used in the regression analysis, the greater was the effect of environmental variables on SOC. However, compared to native vegetation, cultivation activities in the croplands reduced the influence of environmental variables on SOC.     

In-field calibration of a dielectric soil moisture meter designed for use in an access tube

Abstract. The in-field calibration of a dielectric probe to measure soil water content is described. The probe uses an access tube analogous to that of the neutron probe. The dielectric constant was measured at soil depths of 10, 20, 30, 40, 60 and 100 cm. Cores of soil were then taken from the face of pits dug 30 cm from the access tube and their soil water contents determined by oven drying. The dielectric constant values measured by the probe were calibrated against water contents from these cores. We found that sensor depth needed to be included to achieve a good calibration model that explained 72% of the variance. It is argued that depth needs to be included because of artefacts introduced during the installation of the access tube.     

Evaluation of a combined penetrometer for simultaneous measurement of penetration resistance and soil water content

A combined penetrometer is an appropriate tool to measure the soil cone resistance and the water‐content profile. As a relatively new technique, a combined capacitance‐penetrometer for the simultaneous measurement of cone index and soil water content was developed at the Department of Agricultural Engineering of Bonn University in 2002. The objective of this study was the evaluation of the effectiveness and applicability of the innovated penetrometer with a focus on three aspects: (1) A capacitance sensor with two electrode configurations was calibrated for silt loam, sandy loam, and sand. The calibration results show that both electrode configurations have sufficient water‐content sensitivity, but soil‐specific calibrations seem necessary. (2) Under laboratory conditions, the dynamic resolution and response of the capacitance‐penetrometer were validated, and its radius of influence was determined. (3) The field measurement results demonstrate that this measurement technique can be used to improve the interpretation quality of soil cone index data.     

滇中地区小流域治理前后水土流失变化规律的研究

通过生物措施、工程措施和耕作措施对滇中地区典型小流域—王家箐进行综合治理,观测了治理前后气象、水文、土壤侵蚀资料,分析了治理前后试验区降雨与径流、侵蚀之间的关系及变化。结果表明,试验区的水土流失主要集中在5～10月,区内次降雨的径流量、侵蚀量与降雨量和最大30 min雨强乘积的相关性最好,其关系式为一元三次方函数,相关系数在0.956到0.993之间(极显著相关);月径流量、月侵蚀量与月降雨量之间的关系为一元幂函数,相关系数在0.819到0.985之间(极显著相关)。采取生物措施、工程措施和耕作措施相结合的综合治理方式,能有效抑制以坡耕地为主的小流域的水土流失,但不改变流域降雨径流侵蚀函数关系式,只改变其系数。     

中国水土保持公务管理信息系统设计

中国水土保持公务管理系统是中国水土保持管理信息系统先行开发的子系统 ,开发目的是为水土保持管理工作中目前亟待解决的公务管理现代化任务 ,提供在网络化、GIS应用迅速普及的背景下的支持。系统设计以“信息共享、办公自动化、灵活定制”三大目标为核心 ,采用先进的计算机网络技术、数据库技术和办公自动化技术 ,以期实现较好的网络应用功能 ,并具有良好的系统安全、稳定性与灵活性     

干旱半干旱地区植被生态用水计算

干旱半干旱地区是生态环境比较脆弱的地区 ,特别是人类不合理开发 ,使生态环境受到严重威胁。为了挽救中国西部干旱半干旱地区已遭破坏的生态环境 ,我国政府提出了“退耕还林”的号召。针对干旱半干旱地区 ,植被生态系统实际用水量以及达到某一目标要求的生态用水量如何计算或合理确定 ,对流域规划、生态建设以及水资源合理配置都有重要意义。先从生态系统的一般意义上来介绍生态用水的概念 ,进而介绍植被生态用水的计算方法 ,并针对“退耕还林”和“植被生态改善与恢复”情况下的生态用水计算问题进行专门介绍。     

土壤颗粒的分形特征及其应用

本文应用土壤颗粒的质量分布原理来描述土壤颗粒的分形特征。通过对10种土壤颗粒的机械组成进行分析,分别计算出它们的分形维数（D=2.489～2.896）,并分析了其与土壤质地之间的关系。同时对土壤颗粒分形维数与所对应土壤的幂函数型水分特征曲线的拟合分形维数进行比较分析,建立了二者之间的相关关系。结果表明:分形维数的大小反映了土壤质地中粘粒、粉粒和砂粒含量的变化,随粘粒含量的增多分形维数增大,随砂粒含量的增多分形维数减小;同时土壤颗粒分形维数与所对应的水分特征曲线的拟合分形维数呈现出良好的一致性,因而对所研究的土壤而言,可应用土壤颗粒的质量分形维数结合幂函数模型来估算土壤水分特性曲线。     

天水水土保持科学试验站60年科研与实践

天水水保科研站是我国建立最早的水土保持科研机构。建站 60年来积累的水土保持试验研究方法和经验、取得的宝贵基础资料、研究成果等 ,广泛应用于教学、科研、生产和决策等国民经济建设中 ,产生了巨大的社会经济效益     

塔里木河下游生态环境对输水的积极响应

塔里木河下游是我国西部生态与环境问题最为突出的地区.由于人类不合理的资源开发,导致该地区生态问题日益突出.本文结合塔里木河下游5次生态输水,通过3年对输水后生态环境变化的监测,就塔里木河下游生态环境对输水的积极响应进行了分析.结果显示:(1)生态输水后地下水位在时间上和空间上各有其变化规律,在时间上近河道水位响应快,远河道水位响应慢.在空间上距河道不同距离和不同河段上地下水上升的幅度不同.(2)输水后天然植被的响应主要表现在植被种类和植被盖度的增加上;(3)鉴于输水后生态响应的范围仍然较小,因此输水工程还应该继续进行并适当调整输水的方式.