Effects of straw and silicon soil amendments on some foliar and stem-base diseases in pot-grown winter wheat

Four foliar and two stem-base pathogens were inoculated onto wheat plants grown in different substrates in pot experiments. Soils from four different UK locations were each treated in three ways: (i) straw incorporated in the field at 10 t ha⁻¹ several months previously; (ii) silicon fertilization at 100 mg L⁻¹ during the experiment; and (iii) no amendments. A sand and vermiculite mix was used with and without silicon amendment. The silicon treatment increased plant silica concentrations in all experiments, but incorporating straw was not associated with raised plant silica concentrations. Blumeria graminis and Puccinia recondita were inoculated by shaking infected plants over the test plants, followed by suitable humid periods. The silicon treatment reduced powdery mildew ( B. graminis ) substantially in sand and vermiculite and in two of the soils, but there were no effects on the slight infection by brown rust ( P. recondita ). Phaeosphaeria nodorum and Mycosphaerella graminicola were inoculated as conidial suspensions. Leaf spot caused by P. nodorum was reduced in silicon-amended sand and vermiculite; soil was not tested. Symptoms of septoria leaf blotch caused by M. graminicola were reduced by silicon amendment in a severely infected sand and vermiculite experiment but not in soil or a slightly infected sand and vermiculite experiment. Oculimacula yallundae (eyespot) and Fusarium culmorum (brown foot rot) were inoculated as agar plugs on the stem base. Severity of O. yallundae was reduced by silicon amendment of two of the soils but not sand and vermiculite; brown foot rot symptoms caused by F. culmorum were unaffected by silicon amendment. The straw treatment reduced severity of powdery mildew but did not detectably affect the other pathogens. Both straw and silicon treatments appeared to increase plant resistance to all diseases only under high disease pressure.     

春季休牧对草原和家畜生产力的影响

从4月上旬到6月下旬,在内蒙古锡林郭勒典型草原,进行春季休牧试验,对休牧和非休牧的草原进行生产力监测.结果表明:春季休牧可以有效地保护草原生态环境,经过两个月休牧后,草原植被状况明显改善;休牧期间采用低投入维持性饲养,可以显著降低饲养成本.并对休牧措施的生态效益、生产实践可行性和经济合理性进行综合讨论和评价.     

马科学研究动态和马业发展

马业是历史悠久的产业．分布于世界各地，世界马业的发展方向是现代马业，以赛马为代表。综述了马的遗传改良、营养研究、繁殖技术、疾病控制等方面的研究动态．对马业的发展趋势，以及马匹的调教、管理等方面作了综合的阐述。     

Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia within the 19th century miasmatic landscape

When contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) was first detected on a farm north of Melbourne, at Bundoora, in 1858, the predominant theory of miasma was being challenged by contagionist theories of disease transmission. This well‐documented case was recorded during a period of change in the scientific assessment of disease and therefore affords an exploration of what aspects of the landscape were considered important for livestock health at the time. Although the introduction, vaccination programs and eventual eradication of CBPP on mainland Australia has been well explored, scholars have neglected this aspect of the disease's history. By comparing 19th century records of farmland with how the site appears today, it is also possible to highlight the limited information provided by contemporary texts, while at the same time developing an appreciation of the ways in which the perception of the rural landscape has changed. This differing perception has implications for the utilisation of these sources for veterinary and environmental historians seeking to understand the mid‐19th century agricultural landscape and how it relates to animal health.     

Research Progress on Bacterial Resistance in Environment

Antibiotic resistance genes have become a recognized environmental pollutant, threatening the ecological safety and human health. The application of antibiotics in the clinical and animals breeding, making the environmental microorganisms living with the impact of the residue of antibiotics and elements of resistance genetic and leading to antibiotic resistant bacteria to gain a competitive advantage and destroyed the stability of ecosystem. In this paper, we expounded the concept of resistance gene transmission by the view of macro environment. Through analyzing the mechanism of resistance development,environmental pollution caused by drug resistance and the impact of environmental microorganism for drug resistance, we clarified the key role of the environment in the development of the characteristics of bacterial resistance and analysis environmental resistance.Such as the ecological diversity of flora, the types and the spread of resistant bacteria, the residues of antibiotics and the transmission of the resistance genes.     

亚龙湾海域生态旅游及环境保护

从地理位置、水质及沉积物、红树林、珊瑚礁海岸等方面介绍亚龙湾生态自然环境特点，分析其生态旅游发展现状、形式及成效，提出对亚龙湾生态环境保护的建议。     

我国管理科学研究热点及代表人物的可视化分析

进入新世纪以来，管理科学在我国取得了蓬勃的发展，逐渐形成了庞杂的学科知识体系，与此同时，管理学也涌现了一大批管理科学专家，并在各自的领域中作出了卓越的贡献。利用中国期刊全文数据库（CNKI）2000~2009年的20种管理科学重要期刊文献为数据，从文献计量的角度对我国管理科学十年来的发展进行分析，通过可视化分析工具CiteSpace展示了企业与事业单位管理、管理基础与方法、宏观管理与政策研究三个主要的学科领域的代表人物和研究热点。     

葛洪环境美学思想研究

道教历来的修炼思想中对环境有着特殊的要求，明确地将山水之好与宗教的修炼活动相联系的，当推东晋著名的道教学者葛洪。他对修炼环境的选择体现了以“道法自然”为原则，以“长生久视”为最终目的，以“神秘主义”为特质的环境美学思想。     

陕西百年农业科技发展研究

笔者回顾了陕西百年来不同时期农业科技发展的历史背景与社会环境,分析了陕西农业科技发展的动因与本质、范围与对象、社会需求等内在属性特征;总结了陕西农业科技发展的主要成效,即构建了农业科研技术服务体系、培育推广了技术良种方法、发展了农业产业、形成了农业科技发展的政策人才环境、改变了农业传统观念与生产方式;归纳凝练出陕西农业科技发展的经验启示,即农业科技发展是解决农业诸多矛盾的必然要求、实现农业现代化的有效途径、构建农业安全的重要举措,同时农业科技发展必须以国家需要、人民需求为根本出发点。指出陕西农业科技发展中成果转化率不高、体制机制僵化、省级支持不够、基层人员结构不合理等问题,提出通过“科研面向需求”、设立省级基金、开展农技有偿服务、扩大农技部门人事权限、发挥各类市场主体作用来解决问题,推动全省农业科技持续稳步发展。     

黑龙江省农业高校科技信息服务协同模式探索

黑龙江省农业高校为现代化大农业建设做出了巨大贡献,创新和完善了以农技推广中心、国营农场、农业合作组织为纽带的科技信息服务协同模式。通过对技术产品研发、培训教育和技术咨询等服务内容的研究,分析其采用项目带动、典型示范、科教培训、技术入股、教育网络联盟的多元结合方式,并在基础环境、业务制度、组织人才和资金等方面采取了有力的保障措施。