大亚湾鱼卵、仔稚鱼种群特征与环境因子的相关关系

为了解大亚湾鱼卵、稚仔鱼种群动态变化及其与环境因子的关系, 2015年采用浅水I型浮游生物拖网对大亚湾鱼卵、仔稚鱼进行了4个季度的调查,结果表明,4个季度共采获鱼卵31361粒,仔稚鱼244尾。经鉴定分析共有27种,其中鱼卵19种,隶属于6目16科18属;仔稚鱼18种,隶属于5目15科16属;鱼卵、仔稚鱼共有种11个。鱼卵平均丰度为614.55 ind/1000 m^3,稚仔鱼的平均丰度为3.69 ind/1000 m^3。鱼卵丰度季节变化由高到低依次为夏季、春季、冬季、秋季;空间分布显示,丰度由高到低依次为中央列岛、人工鱼礁区、湾口东岸。鱼卵多样性指数(H￠)范围为0.05～2.26,平均值为0.86,稚仔鱼多样性指数(H?)范围为0～2.53,平均值丰度0.82;鱼卵均匀度指数(J)范围为0.02～0.99,平均值为0.50;稚仔鱼均匀度指数(J)范围为0～1.00,平均值为0.52。根据Pearson相关性结果分析表明,与种群关系最密切的环境因子为温度和溶解氧(P<0.01)。研究结果显示,春夏季是大亚湾海域鱼类产卵的重要时期,中央列岛海域是大亚湾鱼类繁殖的关键区域。     

Growth variability of Pacific saury Cololabis saira larvae under contrasting environments across the Kuroshio axis: survival potential of minority versus majority

Growth variability was examined for Pacific saury Cololabis saira larvae under contrasting environments across the Kuroshio axis, based on samples collected during the winter spawning season in 2013 and 2014. The growth rate index (residual of the otolith marginal 3‐day mean increment width from the linear regression on knob length) of larvae was compared among three areas: the inshore side of the Kuroshio axis, the Kuroshio axis, and the offshore side of the Kuroshio axis in relation to sea surface temperature (SST), salinity (SSS) and chlorophyll‐a (CHL) concentration. The larvae were more densely distributed in the Kuroshio axis and offshore areas of higher temperature and salinity and lower chlorophyll‐a concentration than in the inshore areas of lower temperature and salinity and higher chlorophyll‐a concentration. No marked differences in the growth rate index were found among the three areas, even though the larvae in the inshore areas showed slightly higher growth rates in 2013. Despite the broad ranges of environmental factors, no clear relationship between the growth rate index and any environmental factor was detected. The survival potential of Pacific saury larvae was considered to be at least comparable under contrasting environments across the Kuroshio axis. Such a geographical homogeneity is concluded to be attributable to compensable effects of physical and biological factors. We hypothesize that the minority under physically‐unfavorable but biologically‐favorable conditions on the inshore side of the Kuroshio axis could survive equally well as the majority under physically‐favorable but biologically‐unfavorable conditions around the Kuroshio axis and on the offshore side of the Kuroshio axis.     

Genetic variation in a Norwegian germplasm collection of white clover (Trifolium repens L.)

Phenotypic (r_p), genotypic (r_g), genotype × location (r_gl) and error (r_e)correlations for important agronomic characters were estimated for eleven Norwegian populations of white clover (Trifolium repens L.), originating from between 58^°52′N and 69^°30′N latitude, and from altitudes of 10 to 450 m a.s.l. The populations were evaluated in monoculture clonal field plots for two years at two locations in Norway. All pairwise correlations between foliage height, leaflet length, dry matter yield (DMY) and general performance were positive and significant. Winter survival was positively correlated with general performance, spring growth and DMY, but negatively associated with internode length, while seed yield showed a small positive genotypic correlation with foliage height. Considerable differences were, however, revealed among populations with regard to sign and magnitude of the estimated correlations. Within-population estimates of r_g were consistently positive between DMY, general performance and most other characters; between foliage height on the one hand and leaflet length, winter survival and seed yield on the other hand, and between internode length and leaflet length, indicating pleiotropy. Correlations involving other character-combinations varied substantially among populations, and imply presence of linkage and/or coadaptation. Path coefficient analysis was used to partition the genotypic correlations between some of the characters into direct and indirect effects. Path coefficients revealed that foliage height had the highest positive direct effect on DMY, followed by winter survival and internode length. Leaflet length, which showed a positive, significant simple correlation with DMY, exhibited a negligible direct influence, counterbalanced nearly completely by the positive indirect effect on DMY via foliage height. Positive indirect effects on DMY via foliage height were also found for winter survival and internode length. The coastal populations from North and Middle Norway, and a southern highland population showed the largest expected responses to phenotypic selection for most of the characters. The results demonstrate that there is enough genetic variation in adapted local populations to develop new improved cultivars adapted to high-latitude environments that combine upright growth habit with sufficient winter-hardiness and persistency. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

湖南省重要湿地生态环境质量评价

基于生态系统可持续发展理论,构建了由社会、经济、自然环境和自然灾害4个子系统和28个2级指标组成的湿地生态环境质量评价指标体系;以信息熵理论为基础建立了客观确定权重的综合信息熵模型,层次分析法和综合信息熵模型法相结合确定指标权重;采用灰色关联模型对湖南省重要湿地2002~2006年生态环境质量进行评价。结果表明:湖南省重要湿地生态环境质量整体上属中等水平;洞庭湖、官庄、青山垅湿地综合评价值较低,生态环境质量较差;涔天河、酒埠江、黄石、凤滩、铁山生态环境质量为中等;东江湖、双牌和柘溪湿地生态环境质量始终处在良好水平。     

光皮桦生长与环境因子的关系研究

以雅长林场九龙分场13 a光皮桦纯林作为研究对象,探索土壤酶活性、土壤化学元素以及林分温度对光皮桦生长的影响,采用相关性分析探究影响光皮桦生长的主要环境因子。结果表明,土壤酶活性与光皮桦树高、胸径、冠幅呈正相关,且相关性均较高,光皮桦生长受土壤酶活性的影响作用较大;除速效磷外,土壤中其他化学元素含量与光皮桦生长量相关性较高,其中总氮含量相关性最高,对光皮桦的生长起主导作用;光皮桦林分内地表温度、空气温度与其生长量的相关系数均较低,其与光皮桦的生长没有直接影响;土壤中的蔗糖酶活性、酸性磷酸酶活性、土壤总氮与光皮桦的相关性相对较高,因此,土壤蔗糖酶活性、酸性磷酸酶活性、总氮含量可能是影响光皮桦生长的主导环境因子。     

蛋壳作为吸附材料的研究进展

中国是禽蛋生产和消费大国,每年会产生大量废弃蛋壳。蛋壳往往被当作废弃物处理,不能得到及时回收和处理,浪费资源的同时污染环境。因蛋壳作为廉价易得的吸附材料在修复环境污染方面具有潜在的利用价值,国内外学者对其吸附特性进行了广泛的研究。该文对已有研究进行了归纳,从蛋壳结构与吸附性的关系,处理工艺,吸附的应用及效果、影响因素等方面进行了分析,以便读者了解蛋壳的吸附特性。同时,选取典型研究实例,介绍蛋壳的吸附特性以及加工工艺,从而引起人们对蛋壳潜在价值的重视,以促进蛋壳资源的再利用。     

生态脆弱地区的特殊旅游环保模式研究

摘要：基于生态脆弱地区环境的敏感性和不稳定性等特征,构建一种包括主动性保护、开发性保护及重建性保护三层结构的旅游环保模式。采用推理演绎及对比分析的研究方法,揭示传统旅游环保模式的环境保护与旅游开发的脱节性和环保行为的滞后性缺陷,虽然其已有部分程度上的脱节性改善,但仍不适用于生态脆弱地区的旅游环境保护。而较为有效的模式应是将旅游开发与环境保护更加充分地结合,甚至环境保护工作要占较大比例或超前进行,而且环境保护工作的重点要向以开发行为的外界输入促进环境改善和环境重建的方向转变。     

Multilocus Sequence Types of Environmental Campylobacter jejuni Isolates and their Similarities to those of Human,Poultry and Bovine C. jejuni Isolates

In this study, we investigated the multilocus sequence type (MLST) diversity and population genetics of Campylobacter jejuni isolates collected from the natural waters (n = 57), wild birds (n = 37) and zoo animals (n = 19) in southern Finland, the Helsinki area and the Helsinki Zoo, respectively. On average, we found C. jejuni in 20%, 10.4% or 11.5% of the samples collected from natural waters, wild birds and zoo animals, respectively. High ST diversity was detected in all three sources and 41.2% of the STs were novel, but the multi‐host adapted ST‐45 was the most common ST detected. The MLST data, supplemented with C. jejuni isolates from domestically acquired human infections (n = 454), poultry (n = 208) and bovines (n = 120), were utilized in a population structure study. The results indicate four groups of strains with varying ecological associations, demonstrating presence of genetically distinct lineages within each of the studied sources. We discovered that the greatest ST overlap occurs between human isolates and isolates from natural waters and poultry, which suggests that the latter two are the most important sources of C. jejuni among domestically acquired infections in Finland.     

芳香植物资源现状及其开发利用

基于国内外有关芳香植物的研究成果, 概述芳香植物的概念、分类和开发利用现状, 总结影响芳香植物生长、发育及其精油产量和品质的环境因素, 分析温度、光照、营养、植物种植模式等对芳香植物生长、发育的影响及其可能的机理, 介绍芳香植物在环境美化、香化、意境化以及杀菌、空气净化和身心保健等方面的研究成果以及目前国内外芳香植物的主要应用形式.     

EXPOSURE TO ENVIRONMENTALLY RELEVANT LEVELS OF CADMIUM PRIMARILY IMPACTS TRANSPIRATION IN FIELD-GROWN SOYBEAN

Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic heavy metal released into agricultural settings primarily due to human activities. Cadmium is readily taken up by plants from the soil and has been shown to result in numerous changes to plant growth and physiology. In this study we examined the physiological effect of environmentally relevant levels of cadmium on field-grown soybean (Glycine max). No significant differences in carbon dioxide (CO₂) assimilation response to leaf internal CO₂ concentration, chlorophyll fluorescence, or growth parameters were observed. However, we did observe an increase in sap flow, a real-time measure of transpiration. Consistent with increased sap flow there was a significant increase in total daily sap flow and peak sap flow between the control and cadmium-treated plants. Our results suggest that treatment with environmentally relevant levels of cadmium primarily impacts transpiration.