中国深远海养殖发展方式研究

在渔业转型发展进程中,发展深远海养殖是突破生态环境和自然资源约束性挑战,实现新时期中国海水养殖业可持续发展的战略方向。基于联合国粮食及农业组织(FAO)关于深远海养殖发展的定义,结合中国海水养殖业发展水平和海域条件,对中国深远海养殖概念进行了界定。提出养殖品种选择、养殖系统构建、养殖海域规划是关系深远海养殖产业稳步有序发展的重要因素。在养殖品种选择方面,应重点考虑经济潜力、适应水温和养殖技术;在养殖系统构建上,分析比较了不同养殖系统应用于深远海养殖的适宜性、安全性和经济性;在养殖海域规划方面,应重点考虑养殖排放、环境承载力和海域条件。     

青龙湖冬季浮游植物群落结构及其与环境因子的关系

为探究青龙湖浮游植物群落结构特征及其水环境影响因子,确定水体营养化现状,于2016年12(冬季)对青龙湖10个采样点浮游植物种类组成、丰度与生物量以及水质理化指标进行调查分析。结果显示,冬季青龙湖共鉴定出浮游植物5门、17属、50种(含变种),硅藻和绿藻是青龙湖浮游植物优势类群,浮游植物种类组成表现为硅藻-绿藻型;优势类群为硅藻门颗粒直链藻(Melosira granulata)、颗粒直链藻极狭变种(M.granulata var.angustissima)、颗粒直链藻极狭变种螺旋变型(M.granulata var.angustissima f.spiralis)及蓝藻门类颤鱼腥藻(Anabaena oscillarioides)、水华束丝藻(Aphanizomenon flos-aquae),优势种在各采样点分布差异不明显。冬季浮游植物丰度均值为6.71×104个/L,生物量均值为0.07mg/L;各采样点Margalef指数、Shannon-Wiener指数与Pielou指数分别为0.98~2.31、0.61~2.37及0.19~0.84。冗余分析(RDA)表明,pH、溶解氧、溶解氧饱和度、水温与氧化还原电位与青龙湖浮游植物群落结构关系最为密切。Margalef丰富度指数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数与Pielou均匀度指数评价水质结果为中度污型水平。     

Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone) post-larval survival related to age, temperature, pH and ammonium concentration

Transport of post‐larvae shrimp used in aquaculture is an important element of successful cultivation because of the potential for stress during stocking procedures. To find optimum transport conditions, several bioassays were performed in the laboratory to evaluate survival of whiteleg shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei 5–30‐day‐old postlarvae under conditions similar to those encountered during transport from the hatchery to nursery and shrimp ponds. Postlarvae were exposed for 4 h to different temperatures and pH levels ammonia concentrations. Survival was significantly reduced after a 4 h exposure to pH 9 and was inversely related to temperature with or without 7 mg L^?1 of ammonia. The 15‐ and 20‐day‐old postlarvae had higher survival rates than other ages. The lowest survival occurred in alkali conditions (pH 9), with 7 mg L^?1ammonia at 30 and 32°C. To assure optimal survival of postlarvae during transfer from the hatchery to the nursery and shrimp ponds, we recommend temperatures below 28°C, pH no higher than 8, no ammonia and post‐larval age at least 15 days.     

Spatio‐temporal trends of sailfish,Istiophorus platypterus catch rates in relation to spawning ground and environmental factors in the equatorial and southwestern Atlantic Ocean

Spatial and temporal trends of sailfish catch rates in the southwestern and equatorial Atlantic Ocean in relation to environmental variables were investigated using generalized additive models and fishery‐dependent data. Two generalized additive models were fit: (i) ‘spatio‐temporal’, including only latitude, longitude, month, and year; and (ii) ‘oceanographic’, including sea surface temperature (SST), chlorophyll‐a concentration, wind velocity, bottom depth, and depth of mixed layer and year. The spatio‐temporal model explained more (average ~40%) of the variability in catch rates than the oceanographic model (average ~30%). Modeled catch rate predictions showed that sailfish tend to aggregate off the southeast coast of Brazil during the peak of the spawning season (November to February). Sailfish also seem to aggregate for feeding in two different areas, one located in the mid‐west Atlantic to the south of ~15°S and another area off the north coast of Brazil. The oceanographic model revealed that wind velocity and chlorophyll‐a concentration were the most important variables describing catch rate variability. The results presented herein may help to understand sailfish movements in the Atlantic Ocean and the relationship of these movements with environmental effects.     

大亚湾鱼卵、仔稚鱼种群特征与环境因子的相关关系

为了解大亚湾鱼卵、稚仔鱼种群动态变化及其与环境因子的关系, 2015年采用浅水I型浮游生物拖网对大亚湾鱼卵、仔稚鱼进行了4个季度的调查,结果表明,4个季度共采获鱼卵31361粒,仔稚鱼244尾。经鉴定分析共有27种,其中鱼卵19种,隶属于6目16科18属;仔稚鱼18种,隶属于5目15科16属;鱼卵、仔稚鱼共有种11个。鱼卵平均丰度为614.55 ind/1000 m^3,稚仔鱼的平均丰度为3.69 ind/1000 m^3。鱼卵丰度季节变化由高到低依次为夏季、春季、冬季、秋季;空间分布显示,丰度由高到低依次为中央列岛、人工鱼礁区、湾口东岸。鱼卵多样性指数(H￠)范围为0.05～2.26,平均值为0.86,稚仔鱼多样性指数(H?)范围为0～2.53,平均值丰度0.82;鱼卵均匀度指数(J)范围为0.02～0.99,平均值为0.50;稚仔鱼均匀度指数(J)范围为0～1.00,平均值为0.52。根据Pearson相关性结果分析表明,与种群关系最密切的环境因子为温度和溶解氧(P<0.01)。研究结果显示,春夏季是大亚湾海域鱼类产卵的重要时期,中央列岛海域是大亚湾鱼类繁殖的关键区域。     

文蛤增养殖区主要环境因子变化规律研究

2004年和2005年分别对江苏省沿海滩涂4个具有代表性的文蛤重点增养殖区的环境因子进行了连续调查、监测和研究,主要分析测试了以下3个对文蛤生存影响较为重要的环境因子:底泥中的硫化物(S2-)、底泥渗水中的总氨氮(NH4-N)和底泥渗水中的化学需氧量(COD)。结果表明:S2-季节性变化明显,地点上随监测站位不同有显著差异;NH4-N夏季较高,其它时段基本无变化,均值远远高于上覆水体;COD含量除受气温影响外,还显著受到人类生产生活(如排污等)的影响。另外,2005年较2004年部分监测站位养殖环境有恶化趋势。     

Alteration of the haemocyte parameters,expression of immune‐related and neurohormone bursicon genes of giant river prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de Man) in the response to salinity stress and ammonia stress

We examined the effects of salinity stress and ammonia stress on alteration of the haemocyte count, phenoloxidase activity, expressions of immune‐related genes including prophenoloxidase (proPO), crustin, heat shock protein 70 (HSP70), and expressions of stress‐responsive neurohormone (Bur‐α and Bur‐β) in the thoracic and abdominal ganglia of giant river prawn Macrobrachium. These parameters of prawn that subjected to salinity stress (transferred from 0‰ to 5‰ and 10‰), and subjected to ammonia‐nitrogen (ammonia‐N) stress (transferred from 0 to 0.262 mg/L and 0.786 mg/L) were examined after 0, 3, 6, 24, 72 and 168 hr respectively. During the initial period of 3, 6 and 24 hr, granulocyte haemocyte (granular and semi‐granular hemocyte) count and PO activity significantly decreased, while expressions of Bur‐α and Bur‐β significantly increased. After 24 hr, granulocyte haemocyte count and PO activity significantly increased, whereas expressions of Bur‐α and Bur‐β significantly decreased. The expressions of proPO, crustin and HSP70 were significantly downregulated in the prawn that subjected to salinity stress and ammonia‐N stress at all time periods of 3–168 hr. In conclusion, changes in the granulocyte haemocyte count of M. rosenbergii following salinity stress and ammonia‐N stress are closely associated with the changes of Bur‐α and Bur‐β expressions.     

秋季济南地区鱼类群落结构及其与环境因子的关系

于2014年和2015年秋季对济南地区23个采样点的鱼类群落结构和环境因子特征进行了野外调查。结果表明:两年调查中采集到鱼类分别为5目25种和6目28种,各采样点鱼类个体数量平均值为45.61尾和66.48尾,香农威纳指数分别为1.45和1.81,均匀度指数分别为0.72和0.74。典范对应分析表明,2014年影响鱼类群落结构的主要环境因子是水温和总氮;2015年影响鱼类群落结构的主要环境因子是总磷和总氮。     

莱州湾头足类的群落结构及其与环境因子的关系

为了掌握莱州湾头足类的资源现状,根据2011—2012年进行的9个月份的底拖网调查数据,研究了莱州湾头足类的群落结构及其与环境因子的关系。结果显示,148网次共捕获头足类6种,隶属于3目、3科、4属。头足类生物量及个体数均以10月最高、3月最低,周年平均值分别为3 111.39 g/h和723.54个/h。枪乌贼为莱州湾头足类的绝对优势种,其周年的相对重要性指数为13 097。头足类个体数的空间分布随月份变化,6—7月以莱州湾中南部密度较高,8—11月以莱州湾中北部密度较高,3—5月头足类的密度整体较低。CLUSTER和MDS分析将9个调查月份分为4个群组,ANOSIM分析显示群组两两间的群落结构均呈显著性差异,SIMPER分析表明枪乌贼对群组区分的贡献最大。头足类的个体数分布与浮游动物密度的相关性最高。生殖洄游和越冬洄游是影响莱州湾头足类空间分布季节变化的首要因素。研究结果可为莱州湾头足类资源的可持续利用和保护提供科学依据。     

大纵湖浮游植物群落特征及其与环境因子的关系

里下河腹地位于江淮两大水系交融地带,人类活动严重影响区域水生态环境。鉴于浮游植物群落结构及多样性可作为水环境变化重要指示生物,于2015-2017年对里下河腹地典型湖泊大纵湖浮游植物群落结构及环境因子进行逐月采样调查,分别采用藻类生物学指标和综合营养指数对大纵湖营养状态进行综合评价,并且基于相关性分析法,探讨浮游植物与水环境因子的响应关系。结果显示,大纵湖在调查期间共鉴定出浮游植物7门、123种,以绿藻、硅藻、蓝藻为主,分别为50、35、18种,占总种数的40.65%、28.46%、14.63%。全湖各采样点浮游植物的平均丰度为3.70×106 ~6.25×106 个/L;空间上略有差异,夏季藻类丰度较高,冬季最低。大纵湖各个采样点浮游植物优势种基本相同,共8种。浮游植物物种多样性指数和均匀度年均值分别为2.74和0.78,表明大纵湖处于轻-中度污染状态。综合营养指数显示,大纵湖处于轻度富营养状态,两者结果基本一致。相关性分析表明,水温（T）、透明度（SD）、浊度（TUB）和总氮（TN）是影响大纵湖浮游植物群落结构的主要水质指标。