环境因子对大黄鱼精子活力的影响

通过观测精子的激活率、活动时间和寿命研究了几种环境因子的变化对养殖大黄鱼精子活力的影响。试验结果表明:精子平均密度为(1.17±0.09)×1010.ml-1,盐度对大黄鱼精子活力影响较大。当海水盐度适宜(19.61~24.87)时,精子的激活率≥90%,活动时间≥9.65 min,寿命≥13.50 min;在pH=4.0~10.0的海水中,精子都能被正常激活(≥70%),适宜的pH值为7.5~8.0;不同浓度的葡萄糖、NaCl和KCl溶液对精子活力的影响不同,不同浓度的EDTA-2Na溶液均不能激活精子;无Ca2 、Mg2 或HCO3-的人工海水对精子的激活率均高达90%,但精子的活动时间却有较大幅度的缩减。     

Taxonomic and functional macroinvertebrate diversity of high-altitude ponds in the Macun Cirque,Switzerland

1. Global environmental change is threatening freshwater biodiversity with ecological impacts predicted to be particularly severe in high-altitude regions. Despite this, an ecological understanding of high-altitude pond networks remains patchy, with only limited knowledge of the environmental and spatial predictors of taxonomic and functional diversity. Moreover, previous studies of pond ecosystems have focused primarily on taxonomic richness and largely overlooked functional diversity.
2. This study examined the influence of local environmental and spatial factors on taxonomic and functional α and β diversity (including the turnover and nestedness-resultant components) of 17 high-altitude (~2,500 m above sea level) pond macroinvertebrate communities, in the Macun Cirque, Switzerland.
3. Spatial processes (pond connectivity) were important drivers for taxonomic α diversity, while local environmental variables (pond permanence and surface area) were important determinants of functional α diversity. Species turnover was the most important component of β diversity for taxonomic composition, and functional composition demonstrated a nested spatial pattern.
4. Variation in taxonomic and functional composition (and the turnover and nestedness components of β diversity) were determined by local environmental variables despite the limited environmental gradients within the pond network. No significant effects of spatial variables on community composition were recorded for either facet of diversity, indicating that compositional variation was determined at a local scale. Water temperature, depth and pond permanence were consistently the most important measured drivers of diversity.
5. Given the importance of both spatial and environmental variables in structuring taxonomic and functional diversity, landscape-scale conservation and management activities that aim to improve or protect high-altitude freshwater biodiversity should focus on maintaining connectivity among ponds and environmental heterogeneity, particularly pond surface area, water depth, and hydroperiod. Understanding the mechanisms driving taxonomic and functional diversity will be critically important for the management and conservation of macroinvertebrate communities in high-altitude pond networks in the face of climatic warming.

     

地衣芽孢杆菌De株对黄鳍鲷生长及其养殖池塘主要环境因子的影响

运用综合对比分析法,对黄鳍鲷（Sparuslatus）养殖中定期泼洒地衣芽孢杆菌（Bacillus lichenformis）De的应用效果进行了探讨。结果表明,施用地衣芽孢杆菌De可在一定程度上优化水体环境和养殖生产性能,使养殖黄鳍鲷的成活率、体长增长率和体质量增长率分别提高18．2％、21．0％和312％;显著降低水中氨氮（NH3-N）、亚硝酸盐（NO2^-N）、活性磷酸盐（PO;一一P）质量浓度及底泥中有机碳的质量分数（P〈0．05）,其中养殖前、后期的底泥有机碳质量分数分别较对照组降低49．77％和22．63％,NO2^-N、PO4^3-P质量浓度则总体较对照组降低25．82％和41．00％,NH3-N质量浓度在养殖前、中和后期较对照组降低36．33％、18．10％和14．28％;水体中弧菌数量在养殖后期较对照组降低61．76％,底泥中的总异养细菌数量在养殖中、后期较对照组提高38．61％,整个养殖期间水体及底泥中的芽孢杆菌数量分别较对照组提高15．34％和26．37％。     

Quantitative genetic parameter estimates for size and growth rate traits in Pacific white shrimp, Penaeus vannamei (Boone 1931) when reared indoors

Heritabilities of size traits and growth rate traits, as well as genetic, phenotypic and environmental correlations were estimated at three ages for a captive population of Pacific white shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) grown indoors. A covariate, mean size or mean growth rate during early growth in individual tanks before tagging and mixing, was introduced in the analyses to reduce the error caused by unique previous growth conditions on variance components. Heritabilities of size traits increased with age, with the h² for TL, AL, TWt and Wi1AS being 0.15, 0.20, 0.20 and 0.22, respectively, at 17 weeks, increasing to 0.28, 0.33, 0.34 and 0.35 at 29 weeks of age. Heritabilities of growth rate traits estimated between consecutive growth periods decreased from the first (h² for ΔTL 0.65, ΔAL 0.71, ΔTWt 0.63 and ΔWi1AS 0.84) to the second period (h² for ΔTL 0.34, ΔAL 0.50, ΔTWt 0.54 and ΔWi1AS 0.52). Phenotypic correlations were always larger than genetic correlations for both, size and growth rate traits. Genetic correlations between size traits within age were high (r_G >0.95), but those between the same size trait at different ages decreased as the age difference increased in spite of a consistently high environmental correlation (r_E 0.80–0.85) between the same trait at different ages. Phenotypic and genetic correlation's between the same growth rate trait at the two different growth periods evaluated were negative or zero (r_G TL –0.26, AL –0.24, Wi1AS 0.00) with the exception of total weight (r_G TW 0.35) and the environmental correlations between growth periods were also low (r_E 0.13–0.32).     

生物大分子标记物检测在环境监测中的应用

生物大分子标记物是指生物体内的一些对外界环境变化敏感并能产生一些可检测变化的大分子物质,这些大分子物质能够反映环境变化对生物体的影响。随着社会对环境保护的日益重视和分子生物学技术的发展,将生物大分子标记物的检测应用到环境监测中已经成为一种趋势。生物大分子标记物检测由于其测定指标全面、准确、系统且具有特异性等优点,近十几年来作为污染物暴露和毒性效应的早期预警工具已被广泛应用于环境评价中。本文对一些主要的生物大分子标记物及其检测技术在环境监测中的应用状况及应用前景进行综述,旨在为生物大分子标记技术在环境检测实际操作中的应用提供参考依据。     

环境规制对产业生产率影响的研究综述

随着经济全球化和贸易自由化的深入,各国政府纷纷通过强化本国环境规制的手段来达到改善本国生态环境、保护国内产业和市场和提高产业竞争力的目的.在这样的国际背景下,通过完善环境规制体系来控制环境污染是国内外学者近年来的重点研究领域.文章就环境规制对产业生产率影响方面的研究概况进行了综述和评价,并对未来的研究方向进行了展望.     

哑铃湾网箱养殖对底层水环境的影响研究

采用现场调查的方法,于2002年4月—2003年1月对哑铃湾2个不同养殖年限的网箱养殖区、对照海区和网箱周围海区底层水化学进行了四季采样和结果分析。哑铃湾网箱养殖使底层海水中TO C、SS、有机污染物和溶解态氮磷营养盐都有不同程度的增加,春、夏、秋3季D O有不同程度的下降,SS、C O D M n、N H4 、D IN、D IP的增加相对更显著,而对pH值、盐度、水温和冬季D O的影响较小;在水质状况上,D O、B O D5受影响最大,其次是D IP;养殖期较长的网箱区底层海水在春、秋2季已达到富营养化水平。短期网箱养殖对底层海水的水质影响较小,长期养殖影响较明显。A N O V A分析结果显示养殖期较短的网箱邻近海区底层海水营养盐含量与对照点无明显的差异,网箱养殖对底层海水的影响范围主要局限于网箱下。养殖过程中应提高饵料的利用率、采取轮养或休养等措施,以利于海水网箱养殖业的可持续发展。     

农林院校生物环境类专业应用型人才实验技能培养体系的构建

以农林院校生物环境类专业为试点,构建生物环境类专业应用型人才实验技能培养体系。从课程实验的3个模块、毕业论文到各类实践创新项目,组成了综合实验技能培训体系,相应的考核、保障措施,完善了综合实验技能培训体系,提升了学生的实验基本技能、综合设计技能、创新技能等,符合应用型人才培养目标。     

植物根系分泌物研究综述

简要介绍了根系分泌物的种类、数量;综合论述了根系分泌物的分泌特性、生理及分子生物学基础和根系特定分泌物对土壤养分有效性的影响;讨论了根系分泌物的影响因素和根系分泌的部位及根系分泌物在土壤中扩散的范围.并阐明了根系分泌物与根际养分的活化及吸收、异株克生的关系,以及与土壤固氮微生物及连作障碍的关系.     

基于灰色系统理论的西北太平洋柔鱼CPUE关联聚类分析

利用灰色关联聚类方法对1998—2017年5—12月柔鱼（Ommastrephes bartramii）的单位捕捞努力量渔获量（CPUE）进行聚类,分析不同强度厄尔尼诺和拉尼娜事件以及环境因子对柔鱼CPUE的影响。结果表明：年纬度向类群比年经度向类群的CPUE差异更明显,月经度向类群比月纬度向类群更具有季节性;强拉尼娜和弱拉尼娜事件集中的类群分类明显,厄尔尼诺、中强度拉尼娜和正常年份分类较模糊,年纬度向类群CPUE越高,海表面温度距平值（SSTA）越高,而叶绿素a质量浓度距平值（CHLA）越低。研究表明,不同强度的异常气候事件对柔鱼CPUE影响不同,强拉尼娜事件会使柔鱼CPUE骤增,弱拉尼娜事件会使柔鱼CPUE略减,而中强度以上的厄尔尼诺事件会使柔鱼CPUE大幅度下降。