基于MaxEnt 的云南省薇甘菊分布预测及评价

利用MaxEnt生态位模型预测云南薇甘菊适生区分布,结果显示,ROC曲线的AUC值均在0.9以上,预测结果具有较高的可信度.影响薇甘菊分布的主要环境因子包括最湿季降雨量(贡献率28.8％)、海拔(贡献率22.1％)、土地覆盖现状(贡献率15.3％)、最湿季平均温、年均降水量、年平均温.从因子的响应曲线分析得出,云南薇甘菊最适环境参数为海拔1 100m,最湿季平均温为22℃,最湿季降雨量为760 mm,土地覆盖为未郁闭林地、灌木林地和荒地等.从样本点数量、环境因子选择及人为影响3个方面对MaxEnt模型预测的云南薇甘菊分布结果进行比较和评价.     

西宁市林业站抗旱造林综合技术集成与示范项目区

西宁市林业站结合《抗旱造林综合技术集成与示范项目》,将青海云杉、油松、祁连圆柏、青杨雄株、小叶杨、银中杨、山杏、丁香,和引种培育试验区栽植的美国稠李、新疆忍冬、杜梨、文冠果、香茶藨子、海棠,共14种树种种植到海拔 2210～2750米区域,经试验研究：7个树种具有良好的适应性,可以作为西宁高海拔干旱地区林相改造选择树种。就上述14个树种生长情况的初步调查进行了成活率和生长量分析,并提出了相关建议,供参考。     

黄河三角洲盐碱地不同柳枝稷品种生长特性比较

采用田间随机区组试验方法,分析4个品种(系)柳枝稷(Alamo、JAp-014、CHp-005和CAp-017)在黄河三角洲盐碱地1~3年生的株高、分蘖数、叶长、叶宽和产量等农艺性状,并用灰色关联度分析法评价了其适应性,以期筛选出适合该地区种植的柳枝稷品种。结果表明:4个品种(系)柳枝稷在连续3年生长过程中,株高、叶长、叶宽和产量差异显著,按Alamo、JAp-014、CHp-005和CAp-017顺序呈递减趋势,3年生Alamo最高分别达到211.80cm、54.90cm、1.57cm和7.20t/hm2;株高、叶长、叶宽与产量之间均有显著的相关性。不同品种间的分蘖数则因生长年限而异。4个品种(系)柳枝稷加权关联度和等权关联度均为AlamoJAp-014CHp-005CAp-017,表明Alamo适应性强,为供试品种(系)中最适宜在黄河三角洲盐碱地种植推广的品种。     

两种水稻生产方式的生命周期环境影响评价

以湖南水稻生产体系为例,应用生命周期评价方法,对两种水稻生产方式进行生命周期资源消耗与污染物排放清单分析,在此基础上进行了生命周期环境影响评价。结果表明,两种生产管理措施下潜在环境影响较大的均是富营养化、水体毒素、土壤毒素和环境酸化,其中传统生产方式下4项潜在环境影响指数分别为1．606、0．868、0．309和0．262,推荐生产方式下各项环境影响指数分别下降至1．277、0．489、0．260和0．211。经加权评估后,两种模式的生命周期环境影响综合指数分别为0．3634和0．2676。潜在富营养化主要来自于作物种植阶段农田NH3挥发和NO3-N淋失;水体毒素和土壤毒素主要来自农药使用;环境酸化主要来自施氮导致的NH3挥发和农用化学品生产中排放的SOx。水稻生产的管理方式需要在推荐生产方式的基础上做重大改进,实施清洁生产方式,减少氮肥、农药的使用量,是控制水稻生命周期环境影响的关键。     

天山云杉林林冠干扰前后植物多样性及其与环境的关系

林冠干扰后，林窗内因小环境的改变使得植被作出相应的反应。1999年对天山云杉林林窗内和林内的植被进行的调查结果表明：在本研究范围内的天山云杉林中，经过林冠干扰后，植被受一定的影响。林冠空隙内丰富度指数均大于林内；36．7％的林冠空隙内个体生态优势度小于林内；76．7％的林内的均匀度指数大于林冠空隙内；66．7％的林冠空隙Shannon个体多样性指数大于林内。林冠干扰前后，各环境因子和植物多样性之间有一定的相关关系。影响林冠空隙内各多样性指数的因子包括海拔、有效N、有机质、全K、全P和总盐，有效N、有机质、全K、全P和总盐对均匀度指数有显著性影响；而影响林内各多样性指数的因子包括坡向、坡位、坡度、光照强度、有效N、全K、全P和总盐，但仅有坡向、坡度、光照强度对生态优势度指数有显著性影响。     

高海拔地区油菜新品种生产适应性筛选

为改善日喀则市高海拔区油菜品种单一、栽培技术落后的问题,加快油菜新品种的示范进度,特选取在拉孜县高海拔地区拉龙村种植油菜新品种。对油菜新品种在高海拔地区进行生产适应性筛选,参试材料为藏油3号、大地95、湘油420三个品种,对照为在当地小油菜(拉孜小油菜),经过一年的新品种生产适应筛选,初步得到了一些鉴定结果,仅供高海拔地区种植这些油菜新品种作参考。     

Risk assessment of nitrate pollution in groundwater based on the environmental nitrogen-assimilation capacity of agricultural lands in Hokkaido

(pp. 17–24)
A trial calculation was performed of the environmental nitrogen-assimilation capacity and the amount of nitrogen input based on various statistical data, which were compiled from each city, town and village in Hokkaido prefecture. The relationship between the excess quantity of nitrogen, after nitrogen input, and the environmental nitrogen-assimilation capacity and the nitrate-nitrogen concentration of the groundwater was considered.
Environmental nitrogen-assimilation capacity = nitrogen output by the crops + acceptable level of residual nitrate in the soil profile.*
^*It is calculated by the amount of nitrate precipitation evapotranspiration ×10 mg L⁻¹.

• 1) 

  The average value of the environmental nitrogen-assimilation capacity in Hokkaido Prefecture was observed to be 183 kg ha⁻¹. The maximum and minimum values of the environmental nitrogen-assimilation capacity were 308 kg ha⁻¹ and 94 kg ha⁻¹, respectively. When the average value of the environmental nitrogen-assimilation capacity with respect to main agricultural land use was compared across municipalities, it was largely in the following order · grassland (218 kg ha⁻¹), upland (169 kg ha⁻¹), and paddy land (157 kg ha⁻¹).

       

Connectivity,habitat, and flow regime influence fish assemblage structure: Implications for environmental water management in a perennial river of the wet–dry tropics of northern Australia

1. Environmental water management seeks to balance competing demands between the water needed to sustain human populations and their economic activities and that required to sustain functioning freshwater ecosystems and the species they support. It must be predicated on an understanding of the environmental, hydrological, and biological factors that determine the distribution and abundance of aquatic species.
2. The Daly River of the wet–dry tropics of northern Australia consists of a perennially flowing main stem and large tributaries, as well as many small to large naturally intermittent tributaries, and associated off‐channel wetlands. Increased groundwater abstraction to support irrigated agriculture during the dry season threatens to reduce dry‐season flows that maintain perenniality and persistence of freshwater fishes.
3. Fish assemblages were surveyed at 55 locations during the dry season over a 2‐year period with the goal of establishing the key landscape‐scale and local‐scale (i.e. habitat) drivers of fish species distribution.
4. Longitudinal (upstream/downstream) and lateral (river/floodplain) gradients in assemblage structure were observed with the latter dependent on the position in the river landscape. Underlying these gradients, stream flow intermittency influenced assemblage composition, species richness, and body size distributions. Natural constraints to dispersal were identified and their influence on assemblage structure was also dependent on position within the catchment.
5. Eight distinct assemblage types were identified, defined by differences in the abundance of species within five groups differing in functional traits describing body size, spawning requirements, and dispersal capacity. These functional groups largely comprised species widely distributed in northern Australia.
6. The results of the study are discussed with reference to the environmental flow needs of the Daly River and other rivers of northern Australia. The findings may also be applied to environmental flow management in savannah rivers elsewhere.

     

安徽省大气环境质量模糊综合评价

以二氧化硫（SO2）、二氧化氮（NO2）和可吸入颗粒物（PM10）作为评价因子,利用模糊综合评价法对安徽省大气环境质量进行了评价与分析.结果表明,可吸入颗粒物是安徽省的首要污染物,但铜陵市有所不同,首要污染物为二氧化硫.模糊综合评价显示,安徽省大气环境受到一定程度的污染,16个市中黄山市的大气环境综合质量最好.近年来,安徽省大气环境质量有所改善,但改善幅度较小.     

湖南省生猪规模养殖环境成本评估

环境成本作为衡量环境污染程度的重要指标,是环境影响的货币化。利用湖南省生猪规模养殖数据,运用产排污系数法,借鉴农业环境成本评估方法,从生猪规模养殖污染物的实物量和价值量两方面建立生猪规模养殖环境成本评估模型,对湖南省生猪规模养殖的环境影响进行评估。结果表明:2010-2014年湖南省生猪规模养殖造成水体污染、大气污染、土壤污染、农作物重金属污染所产生的年环境成本为25.2亿元,年际间呈稳定增长的态势。由于各县市养殖规模、耕地情况等不同,地区间污染程度差异大,污染物排放量呈向养殖优势区域、密集区域发展的趋势。建立健全成本分担机制,多渠道提高养殖户对生猪规模养殖污染环境的认知水平,完善农村金融供给机制以拓宽养殖户融资渠道,有助于对生猪规模养殖环境成本实施控制。