‘99昆明世博会参展植物寄生线虫的检疫初报

本次博览会参展植物种类多,来源广,带土普遍疫情复杂。在严处国内外的参展植物中截获矛线目和垫刃目的１３个科的５６个属,其中在参展植物中截获我国对外检疫潜在危险性线。     

昆虫病原线虫抗干燥能力研究

对１５种２４个品系的昆虫病原线虫进行抗干燥能力研究,结果表明,昆虫病原线虫种类不同,其抗干燥能力也不同。在２５℃、相对湿度５０．５％的小空间控制器中处理９小时后,Ｓｔｅｉｎ┐ｅｒｎｅｍａｃａｒｐｏｃａｐｓａｅ仍具有较高的存活率,其余种类几乎全部死亡。同一种线虫的不同品系,其抗干燥能力也存在差异。在Ｓ．ｃａｒｐｏｃａｐｓａｅ的４个品系Ａ２４、Ｂｅｉｊｉｎｇ、ＣＢ┐１６和Ｍｅｘ中,ＣＢ┐１６具有较高的抗干燥能力,经干燥处理后其存活率最高,达８５．３％,加水复苏后的线虫对大蜡螟的致死率为１００％,侵入率高达１９．９％％。     

Larval pigmentation, survival and growth of Penaeus indicus fed the nematode Panagrellus redivivus enriched with astaxanthin and various lipids

The highly unsaturated fatty acid (HUFA) content of the free-living nematode Panagrellus redivivus was successfully increased when three different lipid sources (cod-liver oil, marilla oil and capelin oil) from marine animals were used in the nematode culture medium. The lipid enrichment significantly increased the ω3 HUFA content, particularly eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), of the nematodes compared with lipid non-enriched nematodes. Penaeus indicus larvae fed the lipid-enriched nematodes had significantly ( P < 0.05) greater larval survival (69–77%) until metamorphosis than those fed non-enriched nematodes (54%).
This nematode species was also enriched with astaxanthin to determine the effects of this carotenoid on pigmentation, survival and growth during the larval development of P. indicus . The pigment, delivered via nematodes, significantly ( P < 0.05) improved larval coloration and survival (88%) compared with that of placebo-pigmented nematodes (78%). However, there was no strong evidence to show the benefit of either pigment and/or lipid enrichment on larval growth and development of P. indicus .
This study has shown that the nutritional value of the nematodes can be enhanced by the addition of fish oil into the culture medium. Supplementation of EPA and DHA, together with synthetic astaxanthin, allow the nematodes to be used as a sole diet for the larval culture of P. indicus .     

98％棉隆微粒剂防治黄瓜根结线虫田间药效试验

以10％灭线磷GR为对照药剂,设98％棉隆MG 35、40、45 g/m2处理土壤防治黄瓜根结线虫.结果表明:98％棉隆MG 35、40、45 g/m2的3个处理,药后30 d土壤中2龄幼虫虫口减退率分别为89.45％、90.50％、92.05％,对照药剂10％灭线磷颗粒剂5 g/m2处理的虫口减退率为60.65％;药后90 d土壤中2龄幼虫虫口减退率分别为88.63％、89.73％、91.69％,对照药剂10％灭线磷5 g/m2处理的线虫虫口减退率为59.97％.98％棉隆MG各处理的防治效果分别为85.71％、88.80％、89.34％,而对照药剂为65.71％.表明98％棉隆MG可有效地控制黄瓜根结线虫的为害,有较好的推广应用价值.     

凡纳滨对虾越冬亲虾黑鳃病症的初步研究

为确定越冬凡纳滨对虾亲虾黑鳃病症病因,对患病亲虾病因进行分析。结果显示,越冬后患病亲虾鳃部观察到大量线虫。虫体特征显微结构显示,雌、雄性线虫的平均体长分别为(983.6±16.69)μm和(956.9±12.14)μm,虫体表皮不均质,具有2纵列侧分化、4根头刚毛、3个口腔实齿、5个杯形肛前附器,化感器横向扁椭圆形,食道不形成食道球;经鉴定,确定该线虫隶属于色矛科(Chromadoridae)、色矛属(Chromadorella)。组织病理观察结果表明,线虫感染后亲虾鳃组织坏死、溶解,黑色素沉积,游泳足基部出现黑化层。本文报道了一种由色矛线虫引起的越冬亲虾黑鳃病症。     

阿维菌素对修长蠊螨的亚致死效应以及不同方式释放该螨对根结线虫的防控效果

本研究测定了阿维菌素对修长蠊螨的亚致死浓度及其对修长蠊螨生存、繁殖发育和捕食能力的影响,并通过盆栽试验研究了以不同方式释放修长蠊螨对空心菜根结线虫病的控制效果。阿维菌素对修长蠊螨的3个亚致死浓度LC₅₀、LC₃₀和LC₁₀分别是2%的阿维菌素稀释2082倍、3760倍和8831倍。这3个亚致死剂量的阿维菌素均使修长蠊螨的生存能力、总产卵量和捕食线虫能力显著下降。修长蠊螨被LC₅₀、LC₃₀和LC₁₀ 3个亚致死浓度药液处理后,从幼螨发育至成螨时的存活率分别为对照的32.00%、46.00%和72.00%;总产卵量分别是对照的6.23%、17.58%和34.24%;处理2 d后的捕食线虫能力分别是对照的34.70%、53.06%和62.59%;但对卵的孵化率无显著影响。修长蠊螨控缓速释放和直接释放均能减少空心菜根系的根结数量和根结线虫卵囊数量,有效控制空心菜根结线虫的发生。各项防治处理30 d后,修长蠊螨直接释放处理、控缓速释放处理、修长蠊螨和阿维菌素联合施用处理以及仅施用阿维菌素处理的空心菜根际根结数量和线虫卵囊数量,分别比未防治对照处理减少28.97%和64.38%、49.97%和74.43%、81.92%和92.24%以及80.15%和92.69%。所以修长蠊螨控缓速释放的控制效果显著好于直接释放,但是修长蠊螨与阿维菌素联合施用不能提高防效。     

Genetically engineering better fungal biopesticides

Microbial insect pathogens offer an alternative means of pest control with the potential to wean us off our heavy reliance on chemical pesticides. Insect pathogenic fungi play an important natural role in controlling disease vectors and agricultural pests. Most commercial products employ Ascomycetes in the genera Metarhizium and Beauveria. However, their utilization has been limited by inconsistent field results as a consequence of sensitivity to abiotic stresses and naturally low virulence. Other naturally occurring biocontrol agents also face these hurdles to successful application, but the availability of complete genomes and recombinant DNA technologies have facilitated design of multiple fungal pathogens with enhanced virulence and stress resistance. Many natural and synthetic genes have been inserted into entomopathogen genomes. Some of the biggest gains in virulence have been obtained using genes encoding neurotoxic peptides, peptides that manipulate host physiology and proteases and chitinases that degrade the insect cuticle. Prokaryotes, particularly extremophiles, are useful sources of genes for improving entomopathogen resistance to ultraviolet (UV) radiation. These biological insecticides are environmentally friendly and cost‐effective insect pest control options. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry