生物炭对土壤微生物影响研究进展

近年来,生物炭作为土壤改良剂在国际上引起广泛关注。生物炭施入土壤后可以通过改变土壤的理化性质,直接或间接的影响土壤微生物的生存环境,为微生物提供良好的生长、繁殖空间,从而影响了微生物的丰度、活性以及群落组成,最终提高了作物产量。文章主要针对生物炭对土壤微生物影响的结果,以及不同种类的生物炭对土壤微生物影响的差异进行阐述,并着眼于当前该领域研究上存在的不足及对未来研究的方向进行了展望。     

Soil Characteristics Overwhelm Cultivar Effects on the Structure and Assembly of Root-Associated Microbiomes of Modern Maize

Modern breeding primarily targets crop yield traits and is likely to influence root-associated microbiomes, which play significant roles in plant growth and health. The relative importance of soil and cultivar factors in shaping root-associated microbiomes of modern maize (Zea mays L.) remains uncertain. We conducted a pot experiment in a controlled environment using three soils (Mollisol, Inceptisol, and Ultisol) and four contrasting cultivars, Denghai 605, Nonghua 816, Qiaoyu 8, and Zhengdan 958, which are widely planted in China. We used 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing to characterize the bacterial communities in the bulk soil, rhizosphere, and endosphere. Our results showed that the four cultivars had different shoot biomass and root exudate total organic carbon and organic acid contents. The microbiomes in the bulk soil, rhizosphere, and endosphere were different. We observed apparent community divergence between soils rather than cultivars, within which edaphic factors substantially contributed to microbiome variation. Moreover, permutational multivariate analysis of variance corroborated significant contributions of soil type but not cultivar on the root-associated microbiome structure. Differential abundance analysis confirmed that each soil presented a distinct root microbiome, while network analysis indicated different co-occurrence patterns of the root microbiome among the three soils. The core root microbiome members are implicated in plant growth promotion and nutrient acquisition in the roots. In conclusion, root-associated microbiomes of modern maize are much more controlled by soil characteristics than by cultivar root exudation. Our study is anticipated to help improve breeding strategies through integrative interactions of soils, cultivars, and their associated microbiomes.     

Impact of fertilization on cover crops and microbial community on a bauxite‐mined soil undergoing reclamation

The reclamation of bauxite‐mined areas can be favored by the application of organic and/or chemical fertilization to restore the vegetation. Otherwise, the impact of fertilizations on soil microbiota or plant–microbe interactions as land reclamation progresses is less understood. To address this issue, we evaluated the impact of organic and chemical fertilization on plants and soil microbial community within the first 36 months of land reclamation in a bauxite‐mined site. The experiment was set up according to a split‐plot design in which the main plots received fertilizations [non‐fertilized control (NF), chemical fertilization (CF; NPK and rock phosphate), organic fertilization (OF; poultry litter), and CF+OF combined], and the subplots received cover crops [no cover crops (NC), grass (B; Brachiaria), legume (S, Stylosanthes), and B+S combined]. Cover crops biomass yield was assessed annually with five field campaigns per year. We used phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) to infer the impacts of mining and restoration practices on actinobacteria, Gram‐negative and Gram‐positive bacteria, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, and fungi. Accordingly, PLFAs were determined before bauxite mining (pre‐mining), six months after topsoil reconfiguration (post‐mining), and after 14 and 36 months following the application of the fertilizations and cover crops. PLFAs results indicated that in post‐mining, the living microbiota was significantly lower than in pre‐mining. Cover crops biomass yield was highest for B and B+S fertilized with CF+OF at 14 and 36 months. Both parametric and non‐parametric statistics showed a temporal variation in the response of living microbes to the treatments applied. After 14 months, living microbes showed greatest response to OF, while at 36 months their response was strongest in the treatments with highest plant biomass production (B and B+S). These results suggest that in the early stages of land reclamation, living microbial biomass benefit the most from organic fertilizers. As this initial boost decline, living microbes are more likely to thrive in areas undergoing reclamation where they can develop synergistic interactions with plants.     

不同基肥对黄瓜根际土壤微生物群落多样性的影响

分别以RAPD分子生物学方法和BIOLOG生理学方法,研究了不同基肥对黄瓜根际土壤微生物群落DNA序列多样性和群落功能多样性的影响。结果表明,在本试验条件下,基肥为75000 kg/hm2有机肥处理和75000 kg/hm2有机肥加300 kg/hm2复合肥处理最好;基肥为600 kg/hm2复合肥处理而使土壤微生物群落DNA序列丰富度指数和多样性指数显著下降,与对照的DNA序列相似系数最低;有机肥处理有利于土壤微生物群落DNA序列多样性、均匀度和黄瓜产量的提高。此外,不同基肥处理改变了土壤微生物对单一碳源的利用能力。     

肠黏膜自然杀伤细胞的免疫功能及其调控

自然杀伤(NK)细胞是肠黏膜免疫屏障的重要组分。本文从NK细胞的发育学特征、分子表型切入,分析了其在维护肠道屏障完整性中发挥的功能,以及肠道微生物对其免疫功能的调节作用,旨在为疾病预防和肠道健康的营养调控提供理论依据。     

Effect of traditional Chinese medicine compounds on rumen fermentation,methanogenesis and microbial flora in vitro

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of traditional Chinese medicine compounds (TCMC) on rumen fermentation, methane emission and populations of ruminal microbes using an in vitro gas production technique. Cablin patchouli herb (CPH), Atractylodes rhizome (AR), Amur Cork-tree (AC) and Cypsum were mixed with the weight ratios of 1:1:1:0.5 and 1:1:1:1 to make up TCMC1 and TCMC2, respectively. Both TCMC were added at level of 25 g/kg of substrate dry matter. In vitro gas production was recorded and methane concentration was determined at 12 and 24 h of incubation. After 24 h, the incubation was terminated and the inoculants were measured for pH, ammonia nitrogen, volatile fatty acids (VFA). Total deoxyribonucleic acid of ruminal microbes was extracted from the inocula, and populations were determined by a real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Populations of total rumen methanogens, protozoa, total fungi, Ruminococcus albus, Fibrobacter succinogenes and Ruminococcus flavefaciens were expressed as a proportion of total rumen bacterial 16S ribosomal deoxyribonucleic acid. Compared with the control, the 2 TCMC decreased (P ≤ 0.05) total VFA concentration, acetate molar proportion, acetate to propionate ratio, gas and methane productions at 12 and 24 h, hydrogen (H) produced and consumed, and methanogens and total fungi populations, while the 2 TCMC increased (P ≤ 0.05) propionate molar proportion. Traditional Chinese medicine compound 1 also decreased (P ≤ 0.05) R. flavefaciens population. From the present study, it is inferred that there is an effect of the TCMC in suppressing methanogenesis, probably mediated via indirect mode by channeling H₂ utilized for methanogenesis to synthesis of propionate and direct action against the rumen microbes involved in methane formation. In addition, the relative methane reduction potential (RMRP) of TCMC2 was superior to that of TCMC1.     

多孔高分子载体固定化微生物厌氧流化床处理低浓度废水的研究

本文报道用厌氧流化床反应器处理低浓度有机废水的可行性研究结果。采用多孔高分子载体固定厌氧微生物和流态化技术强化传质过程,可克服低浓度有机废水甲烷化能力低的障碍。实验表明,在３５±１℃条件下,处理ＣＯＤ浓度为１６００ｍｇ／Ｌ的人工葡萄糖废水,床层最优膨胀率为５０％,容积有机负荷率为１９．２ｇＣＯＤ／（Ｌ·ｄ）,ＣＯＤ去除率达７０％;处理ＣＯＤ浓度为２２０～２５０ｍｇ／Ｌ的城市污水,容积有机负荷率为２．４～２．６ｇＣＯＤ／（Ｌ·ｄ）,ＣＯＤ去除率为５４％～５６％。     

武夷山不同类型森林土壤细菌、丝状真菌优势菌属的初步研究

本文对武夷山不同类型森林土壤优势细菌丝状真菌属的生态分布进行了初步研究。结果表明：不同类型森林土壤或同一种类型森林土壤剖面的不同层次,均有其特殊和优势的异养细菌丝状真菌。大致是“肥沃”的生境即适宜土壤异养微生物繁殖的环境,优势菌属种类多,密度也大。     

和龙膨润土对延边半细毛羊瘤胃微生态的影响

本实验利用四只带有永久性瘤胃瘘管的延边半细毛羊,采用交叉实验设计进行测试．体内实验表明,瘤胃液氨浓度实验组比对照组明显降低（Ｐ＜０．０１）,实验组的ＰＨ值比对照组显著降低（Ｐ＜０．０５）,ＶＦＡ的变化不显著（Ｐ＞０．０５）．原虫蛋白浓度（Ｐ＜０．０５）、细菌蛋白浓度（Ｐ＜０．０５）和ＴＣＡ－Ｐ（Ｐ＜０．０１）较对照组都明显提高,瘤胃温度没有发现变化;体外实验表明,实验组的产气性能明显高于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０１）,而瘤胃液中除淀粉酶（Ｐ＜０．０５）有显著提高外,脂酶、脲酶和纤维素酶的活性均无变化．在原虫种类的变化上,实验组的内毛虫数量较对照组明显增高,但双毛虫却明显降低（Ｐ＜０．０１）．     

不同酿酒酵母细胞壁对白羽肉鸡生产性能、免疫及肠道微生物的影响

为研究不同酿酒酵母细胞壁对白羽肉鸡生长性能、免疫及肠道微生物的影响,试验选用1日龄科宝肉鸡600羽,随机分为5个处理组,每个处理组6个重复,每个重复20羽.空白对照1组饲喂基础日粮,2组饲喂基础日粮+300 g/t酿酒酵母细胞壁A,3组饲喂基础日粮+250 g/t酿酒酵母细胞壁B,4组饲喂基础日粮+1000 g/t酿酒...