安徽歙县油茶林昆虫病原真菌物种多样性及其季节变化

为研究安徽歙县油茶林的昆虫病原真菌群落多样性,于2016-2017年对油茶林内自然罹病的昆虫标本进行分离和鉴定。结果表明,分离的昆虫病原真菌共计132株,鉴定为6属10种。球孢白僵菌Beauveria bassiana、环链棒束孢Isaria cateniannulata和细脚棒束孢I.tenuipes为歙县油茶林昆虫病原真菌的优势类群,3种昆虫病原真菌的数量占所有菌株的75.76%。同时对昆虫病原真菌物种的多样性研究表明,其物种数、多度、多样性指数、均匀度等指标在一年中变化不大。不同季节昆虫病原真菌数量变化较大,夏季菌株最为丰富,随着气温下降及降雨量的减少,菌株数量逐渐下降。本研究结果可为进一步开发生物农药奠定基础。     

29株虫生真菌的鉴定及对烟粉虱的毒力

【目的】对29株虫生真菌菌株进行分类学鉴定并筛选出对烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci具有高毒力的菌株。【方法】采用形态学及ITS区、TEF区、Bloc区基因序列相似性分析鉴定菌株,并采用浸渍法测定真菌对烟粉虱的毒力。【结果】29株虫生真菌有26株符合白僵菌Beauveria的特征,菌株SB003、SP665和SP670被鉴定属于棒束孢属Isaria;利用TEF区序列、Bloc区序列、TEF-Bloc联合序列构建的系统发育树,结果显示29株菌株共包括24株球孢白僵菌B. bassiana、2株假性球孢白僵菌B. pseudobassiana和3株环链棒束孢I. cateinannulata。烟粉虱2龄若虫的死亡率随孢子浓度的增加而增加,不同菌株致病力不同;用1×108 mL-1的孢子悬浮液处理烟粉虱2龄若虫7 d,致死率最高的菌株为SP433,其次为SB009,分别为87.37%和82.93%。【结论】本研究可为虫生真菌的分类提供理论基础,筛选出的高致病力菌株SP433和SB009可为烟粉虱的生物防治提供参考。     

Emergence of Walnut Husk Maggot Adults in Central Illinois and Potential for Control with Metarhizium brunneum

The walnut husk maggot, Rhagoletis sauvis (Loew) (Diptera: Tephritidae), causes damage to walnuts when maggots feed inside the husk. September applications of the entomopathogenic fungi Metarhizium brunneum F52 as microsclerotia laced granules to the soil in Illinois were evaluated for pest control based on adult emergence during the following summer. Over 3 yr in central Illinois, adult emergence began near 1 July, peaked before 23 July, and emergence extended as late as 23 August. One summer application of fungus (30 June) when pupae were present, did not reduce fly emergence. Of two September applications that targeted maggots as they move to the soil to pupate, one significantly reduced the number of flies emerging from treated plots when compared with untreated plots for one 7-d sample collected 29 July 2020. Emergence trap data show a defined peak adult emergence in July for central Illinois while September applications of granules containing Metarhizium brunneum (Petch) (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae) show shows potential to reduced subsequent fly emergence.     

Identification and Pathogenicity of a New Entomopathogenic Fungus,Mucor hiemalis (Mucorales: Mucorales), on the Root Maggot,Bradysia odoriphaga (Diptera: Sciaridae)

Bradysia odoriphaga Yang and Zhang (Diptera: Sciaridae), the Chinese chive root maggot, is a destructive pest of Allium vegetables and flowers that causes severe losses in northern China. Novel biological control technologies are needed for controlling this pest. We identified a new entomopathogenic fungus isolated from infected B. odoriphaga larvae and evaluated the susceptibility of the biological stages of B. odoriphaga and the effects of temperature on fungus growth and pathogenicity. Based on morphological characteristics and molecular phylogeny, the fungus was identified as Mucor hiemalis BO-1 (Mucorales: Mucorales). This fungus had the strongest virulence to B. odoriphaga larvae followed by eggs and pupae, while B. odoriphaga adults were not susceptible. A temperature range of 18–28°C was optimum for the growth and sporulation of M. hiemalis BO-1 and virulence to B. odoriphaga larvae. At 3 and 5 d after inoculation with 10⁵ spores/ml at 23°C, the survival rates were 24.8% and 4.8% (2nd instar larvae), respectively, and 49.6% and 12.8% (4th instar larvae), respectively. The potted plant trials confirmed that M. hiemalis BO-1 exerted excellent control efficiency against B. odoriphaga larvae, and the control exceeded 80% within 5 d when the spore concentration applied exceeded 10⁷ spores/ml. In conclusion, these findings supported the hypotheses that this fungus could serve as an effective control agent against B. odoriphaga larvae and is worth being further tested to determine its full potential as a biocontrol agent.     

广东省森林昆虫病原真菌调查

2003--2004年,对广东省森林昆虫病原真菌进行了调查,共分离鉴定出9种昆虫病原真菌：即灯蛾噬虫霉、蝗噬虫霉、紫色野村菌、莱氏野村菌、玫烟色拟青霉、粉虱座壳孢、黄绿绿僵菌、球孢白僵菌和卵孢白僵菌。其中：球孢白僵菌是森林昆虫的优势病原真菌,灯蛾噬虫霉、蝗噬虫霉和紫色野村菌是广东省新记录种。     

基因功能研究策略在病原真菌中的应用

昆虫病原真菌是病原真菌中一个大的类群,寄主达5目24科200余种昆虫.以昆虫病原真菌为主的杀虫剂在害虫的生物防治中起着重要的作用,其致病机制一直被人们广泛的研究.随着后基因组时代的到来,大规模基因的功能研究正成为热点,为进一步阐明病原真菌致病机理奠定了基础,因此,基因功能的分析方法也日趋成熟和多样化.对RNA干涉、基因敲除、生物信息学等基因功能分析策略的特异性和优缺点及其在病原真菌中的应用进行了综述.     

一种潜在的褐飞虱生防真菌:桔形被毛孢的分离、鉴定与培养

分离、鉴定与培养了一种自然侵染褐飞虱的病原真菌,为褐飞虱生物防治提供科学依据。通过对病原真菌的形态和培养特征的观察,鉴定该菌种为桔形被毛孢(Hirsutella citriformis Speare)。该菌是中国的新记录种。该菌孢梗束从被感染的寄主各部分伸出,长7 mm,直径83.2~156.0μm。瓶梗基部椭圆形,(5.2~7.8)μm×(2.6~5.2)μm,向上突然变细呈长管状,(28.6~32.5)μm×(0.7~0.9)μm;分生孢子,无隔,纺锤形,(6.5～5.2)μm×(1.3~2.6)μm。在室内进行的温度和光周期对该菌生长的影响表明,该菌在15~30℃均可生长,最适生长温度25℃。全明和全暗两种光周期对菌落生长影响不显著。     

共生菌高毒力菌株的筛选及其抗逆性的研究

以亚洲玉米螟作为供试昆虫,利用生物测定的方法筛选高毒力菌株并对其抗逆性进行了研究。筛选获得2株对亚洲玉米螟具有高胃毒活性的共生菌菌株-X.sp.5-5B和24-6R,对其抗逆性的研究结果表明,50℃处理10min及18W紫外灯照射60min对高毒力菌株的杀虫活性无明显影响。利用生物测定对28个线虫品系的152株共生菌进行了评价,其中共生菌品系5的杀虫活性最高,而且高毒力共生菌菌株具有一定的抗逆性。     

几种杀虫真菌在不同培养料中的生长性状

用4种配方的培养料培养了4种重要杀虫真菌,观测了菌体形态特征、生长速率、产孢量和培养物的含水量,结果表明:A 配方(马铃薯4份,玉米粉5份,谷壳1份)最适合于培养这些真菌.