Assessing the genetic diversity of Portuguese maize germplasm using microsatellite markers

A collection of Portuguese maize accessions representing a valuable source of genes for introduction into modern cultivars is stored at the Portuguese Plant Germplasm Bank (Banco Português de Germoplasma Vegetal—BPGV). To assess genetic diversity among inbreds, microsatellite analysis was carried out for 54 inbred lines representing the diversity of Portuguese dent and flint maize germplasm. Fifty American and other European elite inbreds were also analysed for comparison. Fifteen microsatellite loci distributed throughout the maize genome were chosen based on their repeat unit and base composition. A total of 80 alleles were detected with an average allele number of 5.33 per locus. Polymorphism information content (PIC) values and observed genetic distances showed the existence of large variability among inbreds. Cluster analysis indicated that almost all of the inbreds could be distinguished from each other and Portuguese inbreds were present in all clusters formed. These associations were consistent with the known pedigree records of the inbreds, confirming a mixed origin of Portuguese materials. Comparative analysis of microsatellite diversity among groups was established according to important traits for both breeding and line identification. This revealed that, although most of the genetic diversity (>95%) was attributable to differences among inbreds of different groups, the existence of phenotypic differentiation in endosperm colour, kernel type and cob colour could be suggested for grouping. These findings support the joint use of molecular and morphological traits in management of the germplasm collection. In this study, SSR markers proved to be effective to characterise and identify maize inbred lines, and demonstrate associations among them. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

基于logistic和灾减率方法制作玉米产量的预测

利用多元回归预报模型与灾减率相结合探讨粮食产量预报方法。依据本溪县玉米单产和气候资料,利用logistic方法建立玉米趋势产量序列,将分离的气象产量转换为相对气象产量,进行相关筛选预报因子,组建预测模型。结果表明：运用logistic方法构建的玉米趋势产量序列,提高了趋势产量拟合的精度;选取气象因子具有一定的生物学意义,增强了预测模型的科学性;多元回归预测模型与灾减率订正预测玉米单产正确率达90%。为粮食产量预报的定量化和精细化提供科学的依据。     

Quantitative trait loci mapping of forage agronomic traits in six mapping populations derived from European elite maize germplasm

Four agronomic traits were analysed including dry matter concentration (DMC) and dry matter yield (DMY) for stover, plant height (PHT) and days from planting to silking (DPS). We mapped quantitative trait loci (QTL) in three populations with doubled haploid lines (DHL), one RIL population and two testcross (TC) populations derived from crosses between two of the four populations mentioned above to elite tester lines, based on field phenotyping at multiple locations and years for each; 146–168 SSRs were used for genotyping of the four mapping populations. Significant high phenotypic and genotypic correlations were found for all traits at two locations, while DMC was negatively correlated with the other traits. A total of 42, 41, 54, and 45 QTL were identified for DMC, DMY, PHT, and DPS, respectively, with 9, 7, 12, and 7 major QTL for each trait. Most detected QTL displayed significant interactions with environment. Major QTL detected in more than two populations will contribute to marker‐assisted breeding and also to fine mapping candidate genes associated with maize agronomic traits.     

Responses of carbon metabolism and antioxidant system of summer maize to waterlogging at different stages

A field experiment was performed to explore responses of carbon metabolism, antioxidant system and endogenous hormone content of summer maize hybrids DengHai605 (DH605) and ZhengDan958 (ZD958) to waterlogging at the third leaf stage (V3), the sixth leaf stage (V6) and the 10th day after the tasselling stage (10VT). Results showed that waterlogging significantly decreased the contents of zeatin riboside (ZR), indole‐3‐acetic acid (IAA) and gibberellic acid (GA), compared to those of CK. However, leaf abscisic acid (ABA) content was significantly increased by waterlogging at different stages, with the most significant increase was found in the treatment of waterlogging at V3 (V3‐W), with an increase of 30% and 29% for DH605 and ZD958, respectively. Waterlogging significantly decreased antioxidative enzyme activities, accelerating leaf senescence, resulted in the disorder of leaf gas exchange parameters and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters. In addition, waterlogging decreased key enzyme activities of carbon metabolism (ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase), with the most significant reduction in V3‐W, with a decrease of 46% and 49% for DH605, and 53% and 55% for ZD958, respectively. Visibly, waterlogging disturbed carbon metabolism, affected plant endogenous hormone content, accelerated leaf senescence and eventually resulted in a significant reduction in photosynthetic characteristic and grain yield. V3 was most susceptible to waterlogging, followed by V6 and 10VT.     

玉米自交系籽粒性状与种子萌发能力的关系研究

针对不同血缘的玉米种质资源,探讨自交系籽粒性状与种子萌发能力之间的关系,为选育强发芽势玉米品种提供依据。以玉米自交系为材料,鉴定供试材料的籽粒类型、百粒重,同时采用纸间萌发法,测定发芽势、发芽率、根长和芽长等性状。结果表明,玉米自交系的籽粒大小与种子萌发性状存在显著相关性,即籽粒大小与发芽率、发芽势呈显著相关,均为负向低度相关。其中,百粒重与发芽势的相关系数为-0.133,百粒重与发芽率的相关系数为-0.132。籽粒大小与根长、芽长呈极显著相关,均为负向低度相关。其中,百粒重与根长的相关性为-0.222,百粒重与芽长的相关性为-0.215。籽粒类型与种子萌发不存在显著相关性,其相关系数均小于0.1。发芽率和发芽势、根长和芽长间均呈极显著正相关,相关系数均大于0.5。通过百粒重性状可以推断自交系芽期活力的强弱。     

黄淮海夏玉米品种脱水类型与机械粒收时间的确立

黄淮海一年两熟模式下玉米成熟和熟后籽粒脱水的热量资源紧缺, 是制约机械粒收在该区域发展的关键因素。本文尝试建立黄淮海一年两熟制地区玉米机械粒收适宜品种筛选和以授粉至生理成熟积温和生理成熟期籽粒含水率为指标, 运用双向平均法将参试品种划分为晚熟高含水率(I)、早熟高含水率(II)、早熟低含水率(III)和晚熟低含水率(IV)4种类型。基于玉米生长进程及籽粒含水率动态测试, 估算不同品种播种至适宜机械粒收含水率(28%、25%)所需活动积温, 以黄淮海区夏玉米常年播种日期为起点, 结合历史气象资料的累积计算, 利用地统计分析技术明确不同类型品种适宜机械粒收的时空分布规律, 建立适宜机械粒收时期的预测方法, 为机械粒收在黄淮海区域推广提供指导。选择27个主推品种, 播种至籽粒含水率下降到28%、25%所需要积温分别为, 类型I 2982°C d、3118°C d, 类型II 2770°C d、2873°C d, 类型III 2729°C d、2845°C d, 类型IV 2860°C d、2980°C d。类型III品种降至28%、25%含水率时间分别较类型II品种早2~3 d、约2 d, 较类型IV品种早7~9 d、7~10 d, 较类型I品种早13~17 d、16~17 d。各类型品种籽粒由28%含水率降至25%水平, 所需时间约6~8 d。在当前玉米种植模式及下茬小麦适期播种条件下, 黄淮海南部的豫南、皖北地区, 各类玉米品种均能满足籽粒脱水至适宜机械粒收含水率的要求, 而在黄淮海北部、关中西部以及山东半岛地区, 现有品种很难降至适宜含水率, 需通过选择早熟和籽粒脱水快的适宜品种加以实现。本研究建立的以积温预测籽粒含水率动态变化及其适宜机械粒收时间的预测方法, 为各地合理配置玉米粒收品种、确定适宜机械粒收时间提供了可行的技术方法。     

枯草芽孢杆菌防治玉米纹枯病的初步研究

玉米纹枯病(Rhizoctonia solani)的防治生产上主要依靠井冈霉素。为了从高效、安全、环保角度寻找井冈霉素的替代药剂,本研究将从玉米植株茎基部叶鞘分离得到的枯草芽孢杆菌菌株(Bacillus subtilis BS-8D)制成菌悬液,喷施于玉米幼苗和成株期基部叶鞘,并作了菌株抗利福平突变株的定殖能力测定以及室内平板抗生作用测定。结果表明,BS-8D菌株在温室内对玉米纹枯病有较好的防效。抗利福平标记突变株BS-8Drif定殖测定表明,菌株在玉米根际具有较好的定殖能力,施用10多天后仍能保持较多数量;菌株能随种子的萌发向地上和地下部分转移,在幼苗茎基部和根部定殖。室内PDA平板抗生作用测定表明该菌株还对玉米大斑病菌(Exsero turcicum)、玉米小斑病菌(Bipolaris maydis)、玉米新月弯孢菌(Curvularia lunata)有拮抗作用。BS-8D菌株对玉米纹枯病的防治实验表明,该菌株有进一步研究的价值和开发应用潜力。     

144份甜玉米群体的遗传多样性分析

利用SSR技术对来源于144份甜玉米群体的40个位点进行了分析,共检测出343个等位变异,每对引物检测出4~17个等位变异,平均8.58个。40个位点的多态性信息量PIC值变化范围在0.46~0.90,平均0.76/位点。标记索引指数MI变化范围在2.30~15.19,平均6.80/位点。在33个位点共检测到稀有等位变异70个,在15个位点共检测到特有等位变异16个。在144份材料中,117份材料有稀有等位变异,其中1份材料有8个稀有等位变异;14份材料有特有等位变异,2份材料有2个特有等位变异。聚类分析可初步将144份甜玉米群体划为7个类群,其中最大的Ⅰ群包括89份,第Ⅱ群包括35份。从研究结果得出群体材料的利用价值,对新的群体的合成及杂优模式的建立进行了探讨,为育种者提供新的思路和方法。     

氮磷钾肥对青贮玉米产量和品质的影响

为了探讨施肥对青贮玉米原料及青贮饲料的影响,在撒施羊粪的田间,青贮玉米栽培管理时,分别单独施用氮肥（N-150kg/hm ²）、磷肥（P₂O₅-120kg/hm ²）、钾肥（K₂O-150kg/hm ²）,以不施用化肥为对照,经田间测产和取样,并对其青贮发酵后进行分析。结果表明,增施氮肥能极显著提高青贮玉米产量（P<0.01）,Milk2006奶亩指数显著高于单施磷钾肥和对照处理（P<0.05）;增施钾肥显著提高了青贮玉米的产量（P<0.05）。增施氮肥除了提高玉米青贮饲料氨态氮含量外（P<0.05）,玉米青贮饲料的其他发酵品质参数差异不显著。青贮不仅保存了原料的养分,同时降低了硝酸盐含量。     

沼液的叶面喷施对玉米产量及效益的影响

为了探明玉米施用沼液的效果,特设沼液喷施、尿素溶液喷施和清水喷施(ck)3个处理进行对比试验。结果表明,沼液喷施、尿素喷施与清水喷施下玉米的产量差异达显著水平(p0.05);沼液喷施的平均增产62.9 kg/667m~2,增产率达13.2%,净增收56.1元/667m~2;尿素喷施则只增产不增收,平均增产为24.0 kg/667m~2,增产率达5.1%,但净增收出现了负值,为-52.8元/667m~2。试验表明合理的利用沼液,对玉米的增产增收有重要作用,应该在生产上大面积推广。