人工补水促进侧柏林地的种子萌发及天然更新

随着侧柏(Platycludus orientalis)林进入中成熟龄阶段,其更新和健康经营问题逐渐凸显出来。【目的】解决侧柏林内土壤湿度不足、籽苗稀少的问题并确定最佳补水时期。【方法】依据山地水土汇集面、沟谷两侧和集水池周边侧柏籽苗较密集的现实,进行人工促进侧柏林地种子萌发和天然更新的研究,应用小穴整地、模拟天然下种、人工灌水和林地模拟育苗等手段。【结果】于2017年秋季在济南燕子山上成功地促生许多侧柏苗。侧柏种子成熟期林地土壤水分不足是种子萌发的限制性因素之一。【结论】秋季9月为灌溉补水人工促进侧柏种子萌发的关键期,在适宜的光照条件下,可以有效地促进林地种子萌发和籽苗存活。     

Performance of Mixed Species and Mono‐specific Algal Diets for Culture of Larval Western School Prawns,Metapenaeus dalli

The effect of three mono‐specific and four combinations of the diatoms Chaetoceros muelleri, Chaetoceros calcitrans, and the chlorophyte Tetraselmis suecica on survival, development, and dry weight of the western school prawn, Metapenaeus dalli, was assessed from protozoea I until mysis I. The development and dry weight of larvae were significantly greater when fed diets comprising C. muelleri and/or T. suecica. A fourth diet, consisting of all three microalgal species also performed just as well. Survival alone was a poor measure of the performance of the various diets. Larvae fed with C. calcitrans, either alone or in a mixed diet with either C. muelleri or T. suecica, had significantly slower development and lower dry weight. Overall performance, assessed using the normalized biomass development index, determined that both mono‐specific and mixed diets containing C. muelleri and T. suecica were among the best for M. dalli larvae. These results for M. dalli are consistent with those found for commercially grown penaeid prawns. This study enhances the limited knowledge on the feeding requirements of metapenaeid prawn larvae. Moreover, the results will help improve hatchery methods for the aquaculture‐based enhancement of M. dalli in the Swan‐Canning Estuary and potentially increase the abundance of this iconic recreational species.     

基于PSR模型的黄河陕西段鱼类增殖放流生态安全评价

基于压力、状态、响应模型(PSR)和层次分析法(AHP),确定17项指标通过数据的标准化处理,指标权重赋值、权重一致性检验、评价等级确定以及评价模型的构建,用生态安全评价黄河陕西段鱼类增殖放流效果,分析生态安全所面临的主要问题。结果表明:黄河陕西段2013年增殖放流生态安全度(ESI)评价等级为Ⅱ级,为良好状态;2014年评价等级为Ⅲ级,处于一般状态;2015年评价等级为Ⅳ级,处于较差状态,属于临界不安全状态以下水平。生态安全形势呈现出逐年下降局势。不安全状态受到影响较大的前3个指标是:黄河径流量变化影响、重要生境保持率和公众资源环境保护意识的影响,3个指标下降值占到下降ESI值的64.93%。其次还受到污水排放达标率、鱼类增殖放流量、政策和管理水平、鱼类生物多样性指数、保护区建设、水质综合污染指数、群落结构等诸多因素影响。研究显示,现阶段增殖放流对黄河生态安全有一定影响,还存在一定提升空间。     

西藏鱼类增殖放流初报

西藏土著鱼类生长缓慢、性成熟晚并对环境变化高度敏感。近年来,受过度捕捞、水利工程建设等人类活动的影响,西藏渔业资源面临越来越大的压力。开展增殖放流活动是恢复当地渔业资源和生态平衡的重要手段。本文介绍了西藏鱼类增殖放流概况、苗种来源、放流实施、效果评估情况,分析了目前存在的基础研究不足、苗种来源不稳定、缺乏技术规范、效果评估有待加强等问题。提出了加强增殖放流基础设施建设和基础理论研究、建立西藏鱼类增殖放流与效果评估技术规范、重视放流后的管理与评估工作、加强专业技术人才队伍建设的建议。     

结合三维密集点云的无人机影像大豆覆盖度提取

针对仅依赖二维遥感影像提取大豆覆盖度难以剔除杂草等复杂背景干扰的问题,该研究提出一种结合三维密集点云的大豆覆盖度提取方法,利用改进的运动恢复结构(Structure from Motion,SfM)算法与半全局匹配(Semi-Global Matching,SGM)算法从无人机立体影像中生成高精度稠密的大豆叶面真彩色三...     

Fish stress and mortality can be predicted using reflex impairment

Fish stress and mortality can be significant problems in both capture and culture operations. In addition to inexpensive and real-time metrics, ones that are simple to use are also desirable for measuring fish stress and predicting mortality. Current methods to define stress rely on expensive, laboratory-based measurements of changes in fish pathology such as disease, necropsy and histology, in physiology such as plasma cortisol, lactate, glucose and ions and in complex behaviour determined from swimming, feeding and predator evasion. All of these methods are often not rigorously linked to fitness outcomes. An alternative is to observe reflex impairment as a direct sign of stress which can be easily and rapidly measured in free swimming or restrained fish responding to peripheral stimuli such as gravity, light, sound and touch. Reflex impairment is correlated with stress and mortality outcomes, eliminating the need for prolonged holding or monitoring of fish. A few examples of reflexes that may be impaired include orientation, startle responses, fin erection, body flex upon restraint, operculum and mouth clamping or gaping, gag response and vestibular–ocular response. Reflex impairment combines the effects of stressors and their interactions and is not dependent on fish size, motivation states and acclimation which make it a consistent sign of stress across a wide range of stressor types and fish ages. Use of reflex impairment to measure stress and predict mortality would significantly improve monitoring of fish health and welfare in many types of field operations such as commercial and recreational fishing, aquaculture, live transport, stock enhancement and tagging.     

小麦抗旱性研究进展与展望

利用优异基因资源改良小麦抗旱性是应对干旱和保障粮食安全的重要途径。结合国内外小麦抗旱性研究的最新进展和本研究组的研究实践,概述了现行主要抗旱性鉴定方法的适用对象和评价指标,以及小麦抗旱种质创新、抗旱基因资源发掘与利用等方面的研究成果,同时提出未来小麦抗旱性研究的重点任务和发展方向,即建立基于高通量表型鉴定的抗旱性综合评价技术体系,建立基于高通量基因型鉴定的抗旱基因资源发掘平台,创建基于综合运用多学科技能的智慧育种策略,以期为加快小麦抗旱性遗传改良提供信息资源和理论参考。     

基于CycleGAN-IA方法和M-ConvNext网络的苹果叶片病害图像识别

针对苹果叶片病害图像识别存在数据集获取困难、样本不足、识别准确率低等问题,提出基于多尺度特征提取的病害识别网络(Multi-scale feature extraction ConvNext, M-ConvNext)模型。采用一种结合改进的循环一致性生成对抗网络与仿射变换的数据增强方法(Improved CycleGAN and affine transformation, CycleGAN-IA),首先,使用较小感受野的卷积核和残差注意力模块优化CycleGAN网络结构,使用二值交叉熵损失函数代替CycleGAN网络的均方差损失函数,以此生成高质量样本图像,提高样本特征复杂度;然后,对生成图像进行仿射变换,提高数据样本的空间复杂度,该方法解决了数据样本不足的问题,用于辅助后续的病害识别模型。其次,构建M-ConvNext网络,该网络设计G-RFB模块获取并融合各个尺度的特征信息,GELU激活函数增强网络的特征表达能力,提高苹果叶片病害图像识别准确率。最后,实验结果表明,CycleGAN-IA数据增强方法可以对数据集起到良好的扩充作用,在常用网络上验证,增强后的数据集可以有效提高苹果叶片病害图像识别准确率;通过消融实验可得,M-ConvNex识别准确率可达9918%,较原ConvNext网络准确率提高0.41个百分点,较ResNet50、MobileNetV3和EfficientNetV2网络分别提高3.78、7.35、4.07个百分点,为后续农作物病害识别提供了新思路。     

Adoption of improved crop varieties by involving farmers in the e-wallet program in Nigeria

The amount of improved seed used in Nigeria is extremely low. Overall, only 5–10% of cultivated land is planted with improved seeds, and about 10% of rural farmers use improved varieties. The objective of this investigation was to identify determinants of adoption of improved seed by farmers not participating in and those participating in the federal government’s e-wallet program in Nigeria. We determined the impact of the e-wallet program on adoption of improved seed in rural areas. A total of 1200 rural farmers were sampled across six geopolitical zones of Nigeria. Results from the use of a bivariate probit model indicated that the e-wallet program continued to become increasingly popular among rural farmers; and that farmers’ literacy, ownership of a mobile phone, value output, mobile network coverage, power for charging phone batteries and contact with extension agents were the positive determinants of farmer participation in the e-wallet program. Cultural obstacles to married women, growers’ age, and increased distance to registration and input collection centers reduced farmers’ tendency to participate in the e-wallet program. The results also showed that rural farmers depended on the e-wallet program for increased use and adoption of improved seed in Nigeria, to boost food security in sub-Saharan Africa. The results suggested the need for an improved e-wallet model by lessening constraints mostly associated with rural information and communication infrastructure, and distance to the registration and input collection centers.