Activated coagulation times in normal cats and dogs using MAX-ACTTM tubes

Objective  To establish reference values for activated coagulation time (ACT) in normal cats and dogs, by visual assessment of clot formation using the MAX-ACT^TM tube.
Subjects  We recruited 43 cats and 50 dogs for the study; 11 cats and 4 dogs were excluded from the statistical analysis because of abnormalities on clinical examination or laboratory testing including anaemia, prolonged prothrombin time (PT) or activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), or insufficient plasma volume for comprehensive laboratory coagulation testing.
Procedure  Blood samples were collected via direct venipuncture for MAX-ACT, packed cell volume/total solids, manual platelet estimation and PT/APTT measurement. Blood (0.5 mL) was mixed gently in the MAX-ACT tube at 37°C for 30 s, then assessed for clot formation every 5 to 10 s by tipping the tube gently on its side and monitoring for magnet movement. The endpoint was defined as the magnet lodging in the clot. The technique was tested with 10 dogs by collecting two blood samples from the same needle insertion and running a MAX-ACT on each simultaneously.
Results  In normal cats the mean MAX-ACT was 66 s (range 55–85 s). In normal dogs the mean was 71 s (range 55–80 s). There was no statistical difference between the first and second samples collected from the same needle insertion.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance  In both cats and dogs, a MAX-ACT result >85 s should be considered abnormal and further coagulation testing should be performed. Additionally, failure to discard the first few drops of the sample does not appear to significantly affect results.     

Thrombelastography in 26 healthy horses with and without activation by recombinant human tissue factor

Objectives – To develop a standardized technique for thrombelastography (TEG) analysis in healthy adult horses, with and without the ex vivo addition of tissue factor (TF) as an activator. To determine reference intervals for TEG parameters in the horse, and to determine if traditional coagulation tests correlate with TEG. Design – Prospective, observational. Setting – Veterinary teaching hospital. Animals – Twenty‐six healthy adult horses. Interventions – None. Measurements and Main Results – Thrombelastography with (TF‐TEG) and without (TEG) the addition of TF performed by 4 operators. Coagulation profiles (prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, platelet count, fibrinogen, antithrombin, and fibrinogen degradation products) were assessed in a subset of horses. Mean values (SD) for TEG parameters in healthy horses were: reaction time (R)=17.0 minutes (3.0 min), K time (K)=5.8 minutes (2.3 min), clotting rate (Ang)=42° (14°), maximum clot strength (maximum amplitude [MA])=60.3 mm (5.7 mm), CL30=97.0% (2.0%), LY30=0.8% (0.6%), CL60=92% (5.9%), LY60=3.2% (2.5%). Mean values (SD) for TF‐TEG parameters were: R‐TF=6.6 minutes (1.4 min), K‐TF=3.1 minutes (1.0 min), Ang‐TF=50.9° (9°), MA‐TF=62.3 mm (5.1 mm), CL30‐TF=97.8% (1.6%), LY30‐TF=0.6% (0.5%), CL60‐TF=90.8% (4.2%), and LY60‐TF=3.6% (1.9%). The addition of TF decreased R and K and increased Ang. TF‐TEG had a narrower SD for R, K, Ang, CL60 and LY60 compared with TEG. Interoperator differences were reduced by the addition of TF. Regression analysis indicated a positive relationship between MA and fibrinogen concentrations (P=0.02) and R‐TF time and prothrombin time (P=0.03). Conclusion – TF‐TEG using the described protocol may minimize variability in data obtained across institutions or users. However, due to the variability associated with different operators, it is recommended that each laboratory set up individual reference intervals with the personnel who will perform the assay, and that the assay protocols and data obtained are compared on a regular basis.     

Optimization Analysis on the Removal of Synedra Acus by Enhanced Coagulation

According to the algae outbreak (the dominant species was synedra acus belonging to Diatoms) in source water, the effects of PAFS, PAC, and PFC coagulants on algae removal and turbidity removal were compared. PAFS was chosen as the optimal coagulant. In addition, different pro-oxidations and coagulant aids were added to enhance flocculation removal effects of algae. The experimental results show that PDMDAAC combined with PAFC shows the best effect, and the order of other promoting coagulation effect was PPC>ClO2>PAM>H2O2>HCA-1. Based on the box-Behnken Design(BBD) experiment design principle, the effects of pH, stirring rate and stirring time on algae removal using PAFS+PDMDAAC were investigated. The results show that the three factors play significant effect on the removal of synedra acus, and the influence degree is pH>stirring rate>stirring time, while the interactive influence of the three factors is not significant. Moreover, the optimum condition of enhanced coagulation is obtained, in which pH is of 7.5, stirring rate is 75r/min and stirring time is 15 min, and the alga removal effect is 98.75%.     

Study on Deep Treatment of Phosphorus in Secondary Effluent by Coal Fly Ash

In order to explore the best adsorbent and new way of removing phosphorus, this trial uses coal fly ash with PFS and alkali modified coal fly ash to deal with phosphorus in Secondary Effluent. The results: using the coal fly ash with PFS to deal with the model wastewater of 3mg/L, the removing rate can reach 72%. The combination of coal fly ash and PFS can make adsorption and coagulation express synergistic effect, and strengthen the Coagulation Effect. Using the NaOH modified coal fly ash to deal with phosphorus in Secondary Effluent, when dosage is 8g and stirs for 5min in 30r/min, the removing rate can reach 90%. After modified, coal fly ash expresses the adsorption, at the same time coal fly ash and phosphoric acid root ion settles, and strengths the treatment effect. Comparative analysis of the two methods, the NaOH modified coal fly ash can remove phosphorus effective and realize spate separation. This method can reduce the cost, and the metod is easy. It is worth to extensive application.     

基于ZigBee的无线传感器网络及其在智能大厦中的应用

ZigBee是一个针对IEEE802．15．4的新型无线网络协议栈。在实验中，用改进后的Dijkstra算法作为整个无线网络系统的路由算法，并分析AdHoc无线网络的特点。本实验通过用GPS进行定位，得到本地定位信息和节点之间的相互距离．从而构成Dijkstra算法的基本输入量，并得出最优路径信息．优化无线网络。     

Mechanism of blood coagulation in common carp (Cyprinus carpio)

In vitro, carp blood was anticoagulated by using MgSO₄ at a final concentration of 22.2 mmol L^?1 and sodium citrate at a final concentration of 11.8 mmol L^?1. The coagulation times for carp plasma diluted by ion‐free water (1:1), and that of carp plasma to which thrombocytes and small lymphocytes were added, were measured at 23 °C using standard methods, and then contrasted with the coagulation times for plasma obtained from chickens and rabbits. The shapes of the thrombocytes and small lymphocytes, which were either wet mounted or stained with hematoxylin and eosin, were observed under a light microscope. We found that: (i) the coagulation reaction of carp blood was significantly (P < 0.01) accelerated by the addition of ion‐free water; (ii) the three types of blood cells (thrombocytes, small lymphocytes and red blood cells) promoted plasma coagulation to a similar extent (P > 0.05); (iii) in carp Mg²⁺ plasma and K₂C₂O₄ plasma, the thrombocytes were usually morphologically normal, but many small lymphocytes were destroyed and became aggregated; (iv) in the citrate plasma, thrombocytes were often aggregated, but the small lymphocytes were usually morphologically normal; and (v) the coagulation time for chicken and rabbit plasma was significantly extended by adding ion‐free water.     

Effect of Polymer Coagulant on the Dewatering Characteristic of Sludge

Based on analysis of the characteristic of the sludge, in this paper, three kinds of sludge were selected to make coagulant experiment with three different coagulants. The specific resistance to filtration is tested. Finally,the optimum coagulant with its optimum dosage is obtained and the dewatering effect is improved.     

Systemic mastocytosis with subcutaneous hemorrhage and edema in a Greyhound dog: case report and review of diagnostic criteria

Systemic mastocytosis, characterized by infiltration of multiple organs by neoplastic mast cells, is a well-described entity in human medicine with specific criteria for diagnosis, but is ill defined in veterinary literature. Hemostatic disorders are reported in humans affected by systemic mastocytosis but have not been well described in veterinary literature. A 5-y-old, spayed female Greyhound dog had a 1-mo history of progressive ventral cutaneous edema, hemorrhage, and pain. Cytology of an antemortem aspirate from the subcutis of the ventral abdomen was suggestive of mast cell neoplasia, but no discrete mass was present. The dog was euthanized and submitted for autopsy; marked subcutaneous edema and hemorrhage were confirmed. The ventral abdominal panniculus and dermis superficial to the panniculus carnosus were infiltrated by a dense sheet of neoplastic mast cells. The neoplastic cells contained toluidine blue–positive granules and formed aggregates within the bone marrow and several visceral organs, including the liver, spleen, heart, and kidney. Diffuse edema and hemorrhage is an unusual presentation of mast cell tumors in dogs. Antemortem tests, including complete blood count, coagulation profile, and viscoelastic coagulation testing, were suggestive of a primary hemostatic defect. We discuss here the diagnostic criteria used in humans, how these can be applied to veterinary patients, and the limitations of the current diagnostic framework.     

鸡毛和藏雪鸡毛水提取液对乳牛体外促凝血作用的比较

用试管法比较鸡毛和藏雪鸡毛水提取液对３６头乳牛的体外促凝血作用。结果表明：加入鸡毛水提取液能使凝血时间从对照组的５．６３±１．０２ｍｉｎ缩短到５．０２±１．１０ｍｉｎ（Ｐ＜０．００１），而藏雪鸡毛水提取液对乳牛体外凝血无显著的促进作用（Ｐ＞０．０５）。     

樗树皮提取物对血液性质的影响

采用樗树皮三种不同提取物对血浆复钙时间、血液凝固时间以及溶血作用进行研究,以观察樗树皮提取物对上述各指标的影响.实验组与对照组相比较,提取物能缩短血液凝固时间（Ⅰ、Ⅲ：P＜0.001）,明显缩短血浆复钙时间（Ⅰ、Ⅲ：P＜0.001,Ⅱ：P＜0.01）,提取物Ⅱ、Ⅲ能引起红细胞轻度溶血,提取物Ⅰ不引起溶血.结果提示,提取物Ⅰ、Ⅲ能够改善凝血因子,并且有较强的凝血、止血作用,提取物Ⅰ可作为注射剂应用于临床.