Evaluation of feedstuffs and pig diets. Energy or nutrient‐based evaluation systems? II. proposal for a new nutrient‐based evaluation system

A new nutrient‐based evaluation system for feedstuffs and pig diets is proposed. The proposed system is based on (i) an identification of those organic nutrient fractions that, according to their absorption, metabolism and utilization, are relevant for determining the value of the feed, and (ii) biochemically‐based calculations of the potential physiological value of these fractions. The system is further based on a flexible stepwise evaluation in which the fundamental properties of the feed are related to its utilization in actual situations. Step 1 is characterized by single feedstuffs according to the digestible amounts of those nutrient fractions which are relevant for feed formulation, i.e. essential amino acids, other N‐compounds, ileal digestible carbohydrates, fermentable carbohydrates, fatty acids and other lipid compounds. Step 2 involves complete diets with three complementary properties, measured according to their potential value for the pig: protein value (i.e. amount of digestible ideal protein), “fat value”; (i.e. amount of digestible triacylglycerols) and the “complemental energy value”; (i.e. potential metabolic energy generated directly from the residual digestible nutrient fractions). Step 3 predicts the production value, either a standardized value determined by standard mathematical equations, or the actual value determined by the use of computerized pig models.     

Seasonal and age effects on energy requirements in domestic short‐hair cats (Felis catus) in a temperate environment

There is little information known about the energy requirements of cats in temperature climates. Energy requirement of domestic short‐haired cats was determined using three groups of mixed gender – old kept outside (approximately 9.9 years of age; 4.8 kg; n = 9), young kept outside (approximately 3.1 years of age; 3.9 kg; n = 8) or young kept inside (approximately 3.1 years of age; 3.9 kg; n = 8). Cats were housed individually for 5 weeks during summer (18.5 ± 0.5 °C) and winter (8.5 ± 0.4 °C) and were fed a commercially available maintenance diet ad libitum. In both periods, energy expenditure was determined from the rates of ²H and ¹⁸O elimination for blood H₂O over a 12 day period, from a doubly labelled water bolus ²H₂O (0.7 g/kg BW) and H₂¹⁸O (0.13 g/kg BW) administered intravenously. During the summer period, macronutrient digestibility was determined. Older cats had a reduction (p < 0.05) in apparent digestibility of dry matter (approximately 9%), energy (approximately 8%) and protein (6%). There was a significant effect of age and season on energy intake and energy expenditure. While lean mass was affected by age and season, there was no effect of age or season on energy expenditure when expressed as a proportion of lean mass. Possible seasonal differences in nutrient digestibility may explain these results.     

转基因作物生物安全的研究进展及问题

近20年来,转基因技术发展迅速,并逐渐形成强大的生物技术产业.随着转基因作物及产品的不断涌现,转基因生物安全问题成为公众关心的焦点.文中主要探讨了转基因作物对人体健康和生态环境2大方面产生的争议,以期使读者对转基因有一个科学的认识.     

合肥市制造业用地集约利用评价研究

选取土地投入强度等4个评价因素,以及地均附载固定资产额等12个的评价因子,从经济、社会、生态等层面讨论分析合肥市制造业用地集约利用情况,为合肥市相关政策的制定提出了相应的建议。     

焦作市农村能源发展和利用现状分析

探究农村能源消费现状、消费结构、存在问题,对于解决我国农村能源短缺以及生态环境问题、促进农村经济可持续发展具有十分重要的意义。文章通过实地调研、数据资料分析等方法对河南省焦作市2010年～2014年农村能源发展和利用现状进行了分析,结果表明:焦作市农村能源消费总量呈逐渐增加趋势,年均增长率为1.71%;农村能源消费以生产用能为主,农村生产用能总量和所占比重呈现逐渐上升的趋势,农村生活用能总量和所占比重呈现逐渐下降的趋势;焦作市近年来沼气工程和太阳能热水器等农村可再生能源发展较快,沼气年产气量和太阳能安装面积分别增长了18.97%和35.11%,但是农村能源消费结构仍以传统化石能源为主,可再生能源占能源消费总量比重不足2%,调研结果为焦作市农村能源结构调整和可再生能源发展规划提供数据支撑。     

北京地区太阳能、空气源热泵、发电余热联合沼气工程增温系统研究

为了解决北京地区大中型沼气工程增温问题,文章结合北京地区气候特点,构建了一套太阳能、空气源热泵、发电余热联合沼气增温系统,阐述了系统设计的原理,计算和分析了发酵罐的热负荷、太阳能集热器集热量、空气源热泵供热量、沼气发电余热量和系统的经济性。结果表明:3种联合增温系统的作用下料液的温度能够一直维持在(37℃±1℃)范围内,在中温厌氧发酵范围内产气也达到最佳,取得了良好的试验效果。沼气工程全年月平均热量损失为7325.0 MJ,太阳能、空气源热泵、发电余热联合沼气增温系统月平均产热量为7464.1 MJ,可以完全满足工程的热量需要,保证整个系统稳定运行。同时也具有良好的经济效益性,对今后在北京的大中型沼气工程中具有一定的的参考意义。     

蓄能发光材料在园林工程中的应用探讨

指出了蓄能发光材料是能以某种方式吸收可见光能量,在白天或有光照条件下吸收蓄积光能,夜晚或黑暗时转化光的形式发射的材料。园林景观工程为了丰富城市景色,运用各种园景灯光来丰富夜景,而蓄能发光材料是一种节能型的园林夜景材料,在保持园林工程结构应用性能的基础上,具有夜间发光的景观效果,使发光材料成为园林夜色景观的新亮点。基于此,探讨了蓄能发光材料在园林工程中的应用,以期提供参考。     

农田残膜压缩成型的参数优化

针对机械回收后农田残膜集条(堆)质地松散、储运本成本高,为残膜二次回收利用带来巨大困难的问题,采用多因素正交试验方法,以残膜成型块松弛比和比能耗为试验指标,压缩力、保压时间、含土率和含水率为影响因子,对影响残膜压缩成型各因素及其影响规律进行研究,建立并分析了各影响因素与残膜成型块松弛比和比能耗的回归模型。试验结果表明:影响残膜成型块松弛比的主次参数依次为:压缩力含土率保压时间含水率;影响残膜压缩过程比能耗的主次参数依次为:压缩力保压时间,含土率和含水率对残膜压缩比能耗影响不显著。残膜压缩成型作业最优参数取值为:压缩力13.3 MPa、保压时间25 s、含土率53.9%、含水率16.7%,可得到残膜成型块松弛比为1.321,比能耗为26.92 J/g。研究结果可对后续农田残膜压包成型机具的设计及作业参数优化提供理论依据。     

基于STM32单片机控制的电动微耕机研制

以大棚内工作环境和作业要求为依据设计了一种纯电动微耕机,以STM32F4芯片作为微耕机主控芯片,附加惯性导航传感器、无线遥控等设备,实现微耕机的远程遥控作业,以此达到节能环保、减轻劳动强度、提高作业效率的目的。试验结果表明:该微耕机作业效率为3. 3h/hm2,耗电量为18k W·h/hm2,经济性和工作效率远高于市面上同规格其它类微耕机,且其相关技术要求符合国家出台的机械行业微耕机技术标准,具有广阔的市场应用前景。     

三江平原岗地白浆土水解酶活性和动力学特性对不同连作农作物的响应

作物种植会对农田生态系统产生一定的影响。大田试验条件下,在黑龙江省853农场岗地白浆土上连续6年种植玉米、大豆、小麦、水稻,研究了土壤理化性质以及土壤中与碳、氮、磷、硫元素转化相关的9种水解酶活性和动力学特性的响应;同时研究了不同作物种植对土壤脲酶、磷酸单酯酶、磷酸二酯酶、芳基硫酸酯酶及β-葡糖苷酶动力学特性的影响。结果表明,大豆连作土壤的有效氮、总碳、总氮、总磷和总硫含量都稍高;大豆处理土壤pH值略低,但其它三种作物种植下的土壤均呈微酸性,差异不显著。土壤水解酶动力学参数对种植作物的反应与表观活性的反应不一致。玉米连作土壤蛋白酶和磷酸单酯酶活性高于其它处理;小麦处理的磷酸二酯酶和芳基硫酸酯酶活性最高,水稻连作土壤蛋白酶、磷酸二酯酶和磷酸三酯酶活性最低。连年种植小麦处理的土壤脲酶、磷酸二酯酶以及芳基硫酸酯酶Vmax显著高于其它处理,小麦连作土壤β-葡萄糖苷酶、脲酶、磷酸二酯酶和芳基硫酸酯酶的Vmax/Km值显著高于其它处理,可以看出在此处理下土壤酶具有较强的催化潜势。