有机废弃物再生环保型基质在观赏植物上的应用

有机废弃物蘑菇基、枯枝落叶、锯屑、秸秆及柴草等含有大量矿质元素和有机质,作为可利用的再生资源一直受到重视,其集中有效地用作观赏作物基质正在被研究和开发。天然泥炭是极好的养花基质,过度开采已造成湿地生态系统破坏,而大量有机废弃物及可利用垃圾却随处可见。研究以有机废弃物作为农业再生资源,再利用太阳辐射能进行高热灭菌,生产具有环保型特点的栽培基质,用于非食用性植物生长需要,完全可取代泥炭。这种天然泥炭替代物有广泛的发展前景,对清除垃圾及减少有害物质保护环境有重要作用。     

添加酶制剂改善"双低"菜籽粕矿物质、干物质和能量代谢的研究

本试验研究了"双低"菜籽粕中添加植酸酶、木聚糖酶、β-葡聚糖酶、果胶酶、纤维素酶等非淀粉多糖酶对"双低"菜籽粕中矿物质和干物质、能量代谢率的影响,以及各种酶制剂的适宜添加水平.试验结果表明添加植酸酶、木聚糖酶、β-葡聚糖酶、果胶酶可以改善"双低"菜籽粕中钙、总磷、植酸磷、铁、锌、锰以及干物质和能量的代谢率,并且随着酶制剂的添加量增加,"双低"菜籽粕中干物质和矿物质的代谢率得到改善的幅度也越大.     

兴电灌区主要带田系统生产力研究

甘肃省兴电灌区6种主要带田系统生产力研究结果表明,各种种植模式干物质积累量为12 137.3～28 408.9 kg/hm2,等价产量为15 734.7～33 198.2 kg/hm2,粗蛋白产量在1 794.3～2 283.2 kg/hm2,总体都比较高;能量的投入为1.6359×1011～2.3942×1011 J/hm2,产出为2.0709×1011～4.3290×1011 J/hm2,都高于全国中产地区同类型带田的平均值,但能量的产投比不高,只有1.27～1.98,主要是由于无机能中灌溉用电的投能太高;对≥0℃积温、降水量、辐射量利用的时间效率分别为90.0%～93.1%、 90.7%～94.0%、 83.8%～87.5%,生物产量和籽粒产量对光能的利用率分别为0.53%～1.05%和0.24%～0.45%;6种模式的总产值在10 314.75～12 682.34元/hm2之间,纯收益在5 497.50～8 061.75元/hm2之间,胡麻/黄豆和玉米/蚕豆带田是经济效益较高的模式;带田系统的生产优势度小麦/黄豆、玉米/豌豆、玉米/蚕豆带田较高,但稳定性较差,增产潜力的发挥还需要综合农艺措施的配套实施.     

山岳冰川的能量分类

应用热力学原理,对冰川低温热力学系统在物态变化中的能量转换,进行宏观分析和计算,用“能量”作量度,用“冰川比内能”。为指标,对山岳冰川进行分类。对世界上34条山岳冰川,以u值100000J为分界,将其划分为高能量和低能量2大类以及相应的6个亚类。同时,讨论了类型特征、界限确定及分类意义等问题。     

AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON THE ANTISEISMIC BEHAVIOR OF THE BRICK BUILDING WITH FRAME ON THE GROUND FLOOR

A two-story and two-space structure model (1/4 scale) is tested under low-cyclic loading for studying the antiseismic behavior of the brick building with frame on the ground floor. This paper presents mainly the development and pattern of cracks, failure mechanism,hysteresis behavior, strength and stiffness, ductility and energy dissipation. The calculated results by elastic finite elemet method are also compared with the results of test.     

园艺作物发育期和采收期模拟模型的最优模拟路径

为了确定通用性园艺作物发育期和采收期模拟模型的最优模拟路径,该研究获取了9 a 58茬分期播种试验观测数据,分别以黄瓜（‘津优 35’和‘津盛206’）、番茄（‘瑞粉 882’和‘普罗旺斯’）、芹菜 （‘尤文图斯’）、菠菜（‘大叶’）、香芹（‘四季’）、郁金香（‘粉色印象’、‘白日梦’、‘艾斯米’和‘夜皇后’）、茶叶（‘龙井’）为供试材料,依据作物生长发育与关键气象因子（辐射和温度）的关系,基于4类建模方法（温差法、积温法、生理发育时间法和辐热积法）构建了园艺作物发育期和采收期模拟模型,确定了模型关键参数,并以4种方式（平均值、最值均值、中值和逐步回归）集成模拟结果,最终确定模型最优模拟路径。结果表明：1）不同时间尺度发育期和采收期模拟模型的均方根误差（root mean square error,RMSE）为4.85～17.01 d,归一化均方根误差（normalized root mean square error,NRMSE）为10.65%～16.31%;不同作物发育期和采收期模拟模型的RMSE为0.50～17.08 d,NRMSE为4.33%～20.24%,郁金香发育期模拟模型最优,黄瓜采收期模拟模型最优;不同模拟方法发育期和采收期模拟模型的RMSE为0.08～24.37 d,NRMSE为0.18%～54.81%。2）通过比较不同模拟方法的模拟精度,得出逐时优于逐日时间尺度,集成方法优于单一方法模拟,正弦优于线性温度响应模式,叶温优于气温温度形式,温度响应模拟需要考虑下限和上限温度。3）最优模拟路径为先选择逐时尺度、考虑生物学下限和上限温度的正弦温度响应模式和叶温温度形式构建模型,再选择集成法优化发育期（中值集成）和采收期（逐步回归集成）模型。研究结果为指导园艺作物智慧生产管理和高效利用农业资源方面提供理论基础和技术支撑。     

高光谱荧光示踪无损检测瓜类作物嫁接苗愈合状态

为了减少瓜类嫁接苗的愈合管理时间,实现快速准确判别嫁接苗早期愈合状态,促进嫁接苗规模化生产及育苗产业发展。该研究制备了氮硫掺杂碳点,以该碳点为荧光示踪材料,以西瓜嫁接苗为研究对象,利用高光谱荧光成像方法,探究了西瓜嫁接苗早期愈合状态无损检测的高光谱荧光示踪成像方法。高光谱荧光示踪图像及光谱分析结果表明,利用氮硫掺杂碳点进行荧光示踪,通过高光谱成像仪对瓜类作物早期愈合状态高通量表型的鉴定,能快速、自动、无损地获取嫁接苗愈合的情况。同时,通过氮硫掺杂碳点处理后第12天,处理组的西瓜嫁接苗相较于对照组,根系增长量提升了78.7%,叶面积增长量提升了61.4%。因此,该研究方法可以提早判别嫁接苗的愈合连通,促使瓜类嫁接苗提早移栽,并且氮硫掺杂碳点处理可以促进嫁接苗叶面积和根系的生长,达到种苗壮苗的作用。     

Plant availability and leaching of 15N-labelled mineral fertilizer residues retained in agricultural soil for 25 years: A lysimeter study

Background

A high use-efficiency of fertilizer N remains essential to sustain high crop productivity with low environmental impact. However, little is known on the long-term lability of mineral fertilizer N.

Aims

To quantify crop uptake and leaching of ¹⁵N-labelled mineral fertilizer that has been retained in an agricultural soil for 25–30 years in crops with variable growing season.

Methods

A field plot received ¹⁵N-labelled mineral fertilizers over a period of 5 years and was then kept under arable cropping for 12 years. After relocation to 16 lysimeters, the topsoil grew set-aside grassland for the next 13 years. Then crop uptakes and leaching losses of ¹⁵N remaining in soil was tested over a 2-year period by either converting set-aside grass to production grassland, or by replacing it with spring barley (+/− autumn cover crop) or vegetation-free fallow. All treatments received unlabelled mineral N fertilizers.

Results

Crop uptake and leaching of ¹⁵N were generally highest in the first test year after termination of the set-aside. The leaching of residual ¹⁵N in soil declined in the order: vegetation-free soil (4.7%), spring barley (1.9%), spring barley + cover crop (0.7%) and production grassland (0.2%). Corresponding losses for the second leaching period were 2.7%, 0.9%, 0.4% and 0.06%. There was a fixed relationship between leaching losses of ¹⁵N and total N.

Conclusions

After residing in soil for 25–30 years, the lability of labelled mineral N fertilizer residues appeared slightly higher than the lability of bulk soil N. Autumn vegetation was crucial for reducing leaching losses.     

Spatial variability of soil organic carbon stock in an olive orchard at catchment scale in Southern Spain

Orchards have a high potential for carbon sequestration. However, little research is available on the spatial variability at catchment scale and on the difference between the tree area and the lanes. We analyzed theik spatial variability of soil organic carbon stock, SOC_stock at 90 cm depth in an 8-ha catchment in Southern Spain with olives on a vertic soil. Results showed higher soil organic carbon concentration, SOC, in the tree area as compared to the lane up to 60 cm depth, but its impact on SOC_stock was negligible since it was compensated by the higher soil bulk density in the lane. SOC at different depths was correlated with that in the top 0–5 cm. The overall SOC_stock of the orchard was 4.14 kg m⁻², ranging between 1.8 and 6.0 kg m⁻². This SOC_stock is in the mid-lower range of values reported for olive orchards, measured at smaller scale, and similar to those other intensive field crops and agroforestry under comparable rainfall conditions. The spatial variability in SOC_stock was correlated to several geomorphological variables: elevation, cumulative upstream area, topographic wetness index, sediment transport index, and tillage erosion. Differences in SOC and SOC_stock are driven by the sediment redistribution downslope, mainly by tillage erosion, and higher soil water availability in lower areas allowing higher biomass production. These topographic indexes and the correlation between SOC in the topsoil and SOC_stock up to 90 cm should be further explored in other typology of olive orchards for facilitating the mapping of SOC_stock.     

低温冻害对黔南州农作物的生产影响及防冻措施

黔南州近年年初常出现低温冻害天气,冻害发生时气温在0℃以下,造成全州油菜、小麦、蔬菜和果树等农作物生产受到严重影响.据黔南州农业部门统计,2011-2013年平均每年农作物受灾面积为26700hm2,成灾面积4860hrn2,绝收面积660hm2,因灾造成直接经济损失5636.18万元.严重影响了农业增效,农民增收.针对黔南州农作物受低温冻害影响情况进行了调查,经详细分析提出低温冻害前农作物生产防冻措施,以减轻灾害给农业带来的损失.