Cover crop evapotranspiration under semi-arid conditions using FAO dual crop coefficient method with water stress compensation

Cover cropping is a common agro-environmental tool for soil and groundwater protection. In water limited environments, knowledge about additional water extraction by cover crop plants compared to a bare soil is required for a sustainable management strategy. Estimates obtained by the FAO dual crop coefficient method, compared to water balance-based data of actual evapotranspiration, were used to assess the risk of soil water depletion by four cover crop species (phacelia, hairy vetch, rye, mustard) compared to a fallow control. A water stress compensation function was developed for this model to account for additional water uptake from deeper soil layers under dry conditions. The average deviation of modelled cumulative evapotranspiration from the measured values was 1.4% under wet conditions in 2004 and 6.7% under dry conditions in 2005. Water stress compensation was suggested for rye and mustard, improving substantially the model estimates. Dry conditions during full cover crop growth resulted in water losses exceeding fallow by a maximum of +15.8% for rye, while no substantially higher water losses to the atmosphere were found in case of evenly distributed rainfall during the plant vegetation period with evaporation and transpiration concentrated in the upper soil layer. Generally the potential of cover crop induced water storage depletion was limited due to the low evaporative demand when plants achieved maximum growth. These results in a transpiration efficiency being highest for phacelia (5.1 g m⁻² mm⁻¹) and vetch (5.4 g m⁻² mm⁻¹) and substantially lower for rye (2.9 g m⁻² mm⁻¹) and mustard (2.8 g m⁻² mm⁻¹). Taking into account total evapotranspiration losses, mustard performed substantially better. The integration of stress compensation into the FAO crop coefficient approach provided reliable estimates of water losses under dry conditions. Cover crop species reducing the high evaporation potential from a bare soil surface in late summer by a fast canopy coverage during early development stages were considered most suitable in a sustainable cover crop management for water limited environments.     

柴油机燃烧过程及NOx排放的试验研究

测量分析柴油机气缸压力、负荷特性、NOx、HC、CO和烟度等废气排放,并测量分析了供油提前角对动力性、经济性及排放的影响.试验结果表明:供油提前角提前时,柴油机气缸压力增加,NOx增加;负荷增加时,NOx排放浓度增加;但NOx比排放除了在小负荷时较大外,在中等及大负荷时基本保持不变.     

液压节能技术的应用与发展

节约能源已经成为当今社会的主流问题，对于液压技术领域中的液压节能技术的探讨也逐渐提到议事日程。为此，主要介绍了几种节能液压元件和典型的节能液压系统的应用状况，并对液压回路的节能发展趋势进行了阐述，为更好地利用能源提供了参考。     

21世纪清洁能源-生物质能

目前,能源和环境问题已成为国际性热点问题,引起人们的广泛关注。开发新能源,替代原油、天燃气和煤炭这3种常规能源,迅速地逐年降低它们的消耗量,已经成为人类发展中的紧迫课题。为此,在分析当前能源紧张局势以及环境保护紧迫性的基础上,论述了开发新型清洁能源—生物质能的可行性和利用技术,提出了我国生物质能源发展的必要政策保证。     

柴油机燃用菜籽油的耐久性试验研究

柴油机燃用菜籽油植物油的短期耐久试验证明了植物油可作为一种代用燃料,但同时也暴露出了一系列的问题.试验后观察试验柴油机的主要零部件可看到:燃烧室的表面有大量的积碳、喷油器结焦、气门黏滞、缸套轻微刮伤等现象.这导致了柴油机性能的下降、油耗的升高和经济性的下降.其中,喷油器结焦和气门黏滞是性能下降的主要原因.     

生物质气化发电技术相关问题的研究

随着我国经济的高速发展,能源短缺和环境污染问题日益严峻.生物质能作为一种理想的可再生能源,由于其在燃烧过程中二氧化碳净排放量近似于零,可有效地减少温室效应和环境污染,因而越来越受到世界各国的关注.为此,重点讨论了生物质气化发电技术的相关问题-气化炉的选取、焦油的处理、系统投资和运行成本,并进行了财务分析,从而得出生物质气化技术是生物质能最有效、最经济和最洁净的利用方式.     

柴油机三大精密偶件密封性对供油特性的影响

柴油机喷油泵的柱塞、出油阀和针阀这三大精密偶件的磨损程度直接影响到柴油机的供油规律和各种综合性能。为此,采用二次回归正交设计的方法,通过大量的试验数据,建立了精密偶件的磨损量与供油量之间的定量关系式,从而更直观、清楚地了解到三大精密偶件的密封性对供油量影响程度的主次关系。     

SL4105柴油机的连杆杆身的变形分析

对SL4105柴油机的连杆进行了精确的三维建模,并考虑到连杆锻造毛坯和加工误差对连杆刚度的影响,根据实际情况对连杆运动时的整体变形进行了计算分析。分析结果表明:连杆的锻造加工误差会使连杆在最大爆发压力下产生较大的弯曲变形,变形最大值的大小和位置因加工误差的不同而不同。     

4125A4发动机节能活塞的研制

发动机中,将燃料的化学能转换为机械动力能的主要零件是活塞。其结构、质量和性能,将决定能量转换的效率,直接影响发动机的动力性和经济性。为此,对现有4125A4发动机的动力性和经济性进行了分析,提出了节能活塞的设计方案,并进行了台架试验和田间试验。试验结果表明,其动力性能得到了改善,节油效果明显。     

寒带无人值守机房冬季节能及补热方式

黑龙江冬季寒冷且时间长，各无人值守机房在冬季将消耗大量电能来取暖。由于无线移动基站很多，采取节能方式将降低运行成本。为此，介绍了一种节能和补偿热量方式，其实际应用效果显著。