不同泌乳水平奶牛瘤胃发酵及血清代谢差异的研究

本试验通过研究不同泌乳水平奶牛在瘤胃发酵和血清代谢上的差异,从消化和代谢的角度解释不同泌乳水平奶牛的泌乳合成机制差异,为提高奶牛的生产性能提供理论依据。试验采用随机区组设计,选择24头体况良好、体重[(648.50±68.65)kg]、胎次[(2.64±0.70)胎]相近的泌乳中期[(182.0±31.5)d]荷斯坦奶牛,按产奶量分为高产组[(41.7±4.8)kg/d]和低产组[(24.1±3.9)kg/d],各12头,在相同的饲养管理条件下饲喂相同的全混合日粮。分别用乳成分分析仪、酶免法、比色法和气相色谱法对乳成分、血清代谢指标及瘤胃发酵参数进行测定。结果表明:1)高产组奶牛乳成分中乳蛋白、乳脂和乳糖含量极显著高于低产组(P<0.01),乳总固形物含量显著高于低产组(P<0.05),而乳蛋白率极显著低于低产组(P<0.01);2)高产组奶牛瘤胃中总挥发性脂肪酸、丙酸及丁酸含量极显著高于低产组(P<0.01),乙酸含量显著高于低产组(P<0.05);3)高产组奶牛血清能量代谢指标葡萄糖(GLU)和甘油三酯(TG)含量极显著低于低产组(P<0.01),非酯化脂肪酸(NEFA)和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)含量显著低于低产组(P<0.05),β-羟丁酸(BHBA)含量极显著高于低产组(P<0.01);抗氧化指标血清丙二醛(MDA)含量显著高于低产组(P<0.05),总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性显著低于低产组(P<0.05);免疫指标血清白细胞介素-2(IL-2)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)含量极显著低于低产组(P<0.01),免疫球蛋白G(IgG)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)含量显著低于低产组(P<0.05),而免疫球蛋白M(IgM)含量显著高于低产组(P<0.05)。综上所述,高、低产奶牛在瘤胃发酵及血清代谢指标方面存在显著性差异。     

成年黄山短尾猴春季昼间行为时间分配

2007年3～5月,采用焦点动物取样法对黄山野生猴谷YA1群黄山短尾猴成年个体行为时间分配进行系统观察.数据分析显示:黄山短尾猴成年个体日活动行为主要为休息(59.72%)、理毛(17.50%)和觅食(14.82%),其他行为如漫游(5.86%)、玩耍(0.04%)和其他(1.64%)时间花费较少,觅食高峰与投喂时间基本一致.老年组个体比成年组个体花费较多的时间用于休息(Z=-5.811,P＜0.01)和理毛(Z=-4.913,P＜0.01),较少时间漫游(Z=-3.989,P＜0.01).雄性个体花费较多时间休息(Z=-3.577,P＜0.01)而雌性个体花费大量时间进行理毛(Z=-3.134,P＜0.01).哺乳期雌性漫游行为(Z=-2.9541,P＜0.01)低于非哺乳期雌性个体,其他行为(Z=-2.9541,P＜0.01)明显高于非哺乳期雌性,而觅食行为(Z=-0.1773,P＞0.05)无显著差异性.结果表明人工投喂是导致其行为时间分配的主要原因.     

Appetite,metabolism and growth regulation in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) exposed to hypoxia at elevated seawater temperature

High temperature combined with low dissolved oxygen (DO) is one of the most challenging environmental conditions farmed fish experience; thus, understanding their impact on growth regulation is of relevance to cultured and wild populations. This study examines appetite‐ and growth‐regulating mechanisms in Atlantic salmon postsmolt exposed to either high (HO) or low oxygen (LO) at a suboptimally high temperature (17°C). Additionally, the effects of high (HE) and low (LE) dietary energy (DE) were examined. After a month of treatment, analyses of hormones, regulating appetite (ghrelin) and growth (growth hormone receptor ghr1 and insulin‐like growth factor IGF‐1), and free amino acids (FAA) were measured pre‐ and postprandially at ?4, ?2, 0, 2, 4 and 6 h. No preprandial ghrelin peaks were detected despite a significant reduction in feed intake and growth under hypoxia compared to normoxia. LO treatment also had an overall negative effect on survival compared to HO, while nutrient retention efficiency, FCR and plasma FAA concentrations were unaffected (P > 0.05). Feeding HE diet resulted in increased growth (+17%) and improved FCR (?14%) and energy retention efficiency (+26%) independent of DO. Plasma FAA concentrations were unaffected by LO treatment and DE (P > 0.05). Growth regulatory gene expressions possibly reflect an overall lower growth at a high temperature overriding the impacts of DO and DE. This study also indicates that optimal adaptation time to environmental conditions and feeding regime is crucial for establishing a regular hormonal appetite signalling that reflects real feeding anticipation in salmon.     

基于虚拟仪器的气力输送能耗参数检测

气力输送应用广泛，但存在着能耗高等缺陷。应用虚拟仪器技术可实现气力输送能耗参数的自动检测。检测系统的硬件包括气力输送装置、孔板、压差传感器、扭矩传感器、变频调速器、可控硅、数据采集板等。系统软件应用Lab Windows／CVI实现数据的分析、计算和处理，得出检测试验的回归方程。基于虚拟仪器的气力输送能耗参数检测系统可显示能耗指标与其参数的关系曲线，并得出能耗最小时的最佳参数组合。     

新能源客车底盘生产线布局研究

随着国家对新能源汽车的大力支持以及各地政府对环境保护的高度重视,国内新能源客车产量需求剧增,很多公司已对传统生产线进行改造或新建生产线。本文结合目前行业现状,阐述了客车底盘产线布置的关键点及常用的布置方案,对各种布置方案的优缺点进行对比分析,对我国客车底盘装配效率的提升有重大意义。     

引进温室带给中国设施园艺现代化的思考

中国引进现代化温室面积已逾２００ｈｍ＾２,对中国温室业的发展起到了积极的推动和示范作用。本在回顾和总结引进温室的基础上,通过实例分析对中国未来现代化温室的发展和建设提出了一些借鉴经验,尤其在温室节能、温室管理等方面就在地制宜发展中国设施园艺工程提出了一些具体的看法。     

Effects of different active constituents of Gynostemma pentaphyllum on mitochondrial energy metabolism-related proteins in endothelial cells induced by ox-LDL

AIM To investigate the effects of different components of Gynostemma pentaphyllum ［gypenosides (Gps), gypenoside XLIX (GpXLIX) and ginsenoside Rb3 (GRb3)］ on mitochondrial energy metabolism-related proteins in endothelial cells induced by oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL). METHODS EA.hy926 cells were divided into control group, model group, Gps group, GpXLIX group and GRb3 group. The cells in control group were cultured only in DMEM complete medium. The cells in model group were treated with 100 mg/L ox-LDL for 48 h. The cells in Gps group, GpXLIX group and GRb3 group were treated with 100 mg/L ox-LDL for 24 h, and then treated with Gps, GpXLIX and GRb3 at 100 mg/L for another 24 h, respectively. The ATP content in each group was detected by ELISA. The expression levels of mitochondrial energy metabolism-related proteins, cytochrome C oxidase subunit 5a （Cox5a）, NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase core subunit S1 （Ndufs1）, ATP synthase F1 subunit alpha (ATP5a) and cytochrome C (Cyt C）, were determined by Wes automatic Western blot quantitative analysis system and Western blot. RESULTS Compared with control group, the ATP content in model group was decreased (P<0.01). After drug intervention, the ATP content increased to different degrees in Gps group, GpXLIX group and GRb3 group (P<0.01). The results of Wes automatic Western blot quantitative analysis system were consistent with those of Western blot. These results showed that compared with control group, the protein expression of Cox5a, Ndufs1 and ATP5a in model group was decreased, and the protein expression of Cyt C was increased (P<0.01). After intervention, the protein expression of Cox5a, Ndufs1 and ATP5a was increased and the protein expression of Cyt C was decreased in Gps group, GpXLIX group and GRb3 group (P<0.05 or P<0.01). Among them, the effect of Gps on the protein expression of Cox5a, Ndufs1 and Cyt C was significantly stronger than those of the 2 monomer components, and the effect of GRb3 was found to be superior in the 2 monomer components. The effect of GpXLIX on ATP5a protein was superior to the other 2 components. CONCLUSION Gynostemma total saponins and related active ingredients protect ox-LDL-induced endothelial cells by affecting mitochondrial energy metabolism-related proteins, thereby preventing and treating atherosclerosis.     

循环水养殖罗非鱼氮收支及对水质影响的初步研究

为提供实际生产理论依据,改良系统水处理工艺,开展循环水养殖系统中吉富罗非鱼氮收支和对水质情况的初步研究。起始养殖密度8 kg/m3,投饲率2%,系统循环量1 m3/h,总水量0.8 m3。试验期间溶解氧大于6 mg/L,pH 7.0～7.2,水温23～25℃。每周监测水质2～3次,监测指标包括氨氮、亚硝酸盐氮、硝酸盐氮,每2周检测1次水中总氮。用凯氏定氮法测定实验前后饲料、试验鱼体、粪便、悬浮颗粒的氮含量。结果显示,摄食氮有50.00±1.50%转化为生长氮,32.61±1.38%转化为排泄氮,17.39±4.0%转化为粪氮;58%的粪氮为悬浮颗粒物,42%为可沉淀颗粒物。     

饲粮能量浓度对肥育猪行为特点的影响

采用单因子试验设计,研究不同能量浓度对肥育猪非采食期间行为的影响。选取81头年龄、体重相近的杜长大三元杂种猪,采用随机区组设计,共3个处理组,每处理组3栏,每栏9头猪,分别饲喂能蛋比相同的3种不同消化能浓度的饲粮(能蛋比均为79 MJ/kg),低能饲粮消化能10.87 MJ/kg;中能饲粮消化能12.54 MJ/kg;高能饲粮消化能14.21 MJ/kg。试验结果表明,饲喂高能饲粮的生长肥育猪行为规癖发生频率最低,趴卧时间最多(P<0.05)。