胚乳外观标记与RVA谱理化指标相结合辅助改良早籼稻食用品质

对具有较低和中等表观直链淀粉含量的浙辐504和IR64的杂交后代进行观察,发现胚乳外观存在4种类型：乳白色、云雾状、透明状及各外观混合体。与胚乳外观紧密关联,表观直链淀粉含量(AAC)也相应有4种含量水平：明显低AAC变异型、浙辐504型、IR64型和介于双亲的中间型。RVA谱分析表明,不同胚乳外观的淀粉粘滞特性差异明显。透明状外观尽管AAC相仿,但个体间淀粉粘滞性分化明显,只有个别优良品系的RVA谱与优质亲本IR64相似。表明以胚乳外观标记和RVA谱理化指标辅助选择可有效控制表观直链淀粉含量和淀粉粘滞性,是改良早籼稻米品质的一条有效途径。     

MNU诱发的水稻巨大胚、甜胚乳两个突变体的RFLP鉴定

利用均匀分布于水稻 1 2条染色体上的 72个 RFL P标记与 8种限制性内切酶 (Eco R 、Eco R 、H ind 、 Dra 、 Sca 、Xba 、Bam H 和 Bgl )的不同组合 ,对化学诱变剂 MNU诱变产生的巨大胚、甜胚乳两个突变体及其原始品种金南风三者之间进行 RFL P分析。结果表明 :巨大胚突变体与金南风、甜胚乳突变体与金南风以及两突变体之间的多态性分别为 8.3%、5 .6 %和 1 2 .5 %。巨大胚和甜胚乳两突变体基因突变频率分别为 0 .0 2 2 7和 0 .0 0 70。根据揭示多态性的限制性内切酶的数量可将产生的突变大多归为点突变     

Tolerance to low temperatures and tuber soft rot in hybrids between Solanum commersonii and Solanum tuberosum obtained through manipulation of ploidy and endosperm balance number (EBN)

The objectives of this study were to evaluate the tolerance to low temperatures and tuber soft rot in hybrids between Solanum commersonii and Solanum tuberosum. The experimental materials consisted of F₁ triploid, BC₁ pentaploid‐near pentaploid and BC₂ tetraploid–near tetraploid hybrids. The F₁ triploids had a freezing tolerance and acclimatization capacity closest to S. commersonii. This indicated that the endosperm barriers which prevent the introgression of 1EBN S. commersonii into 4EBN S. tuberosum had been overcome. Indeed, the triploids produced 2n eggs, thus giving a compatible maternal to paternal EBN ratio in the hybrid endosperm generated by the 3x(2EBN) × 4x(3EBN) crosses. The tolerance to low temperatures of BC₁ and BC₂ hybrids was lower than that of the F₁. However, a number of genotypes were identified which were able to withstand temperatures down to ‐5°C. Some BC₂ hybrids were also tested for their tolerance to tuber soft rot, and some resistant hybrids were detected. A number of them combined the capacity for cold acclimatization with tolerance to tuber soft rot. These hybrids have an EBN of 4; they are fertile and have been used in backcrosses with 4EBN S. tuberosum.     

Effects of insect predation on hypocotyl survival and germination success of maturequercus variabilis acorns

The rates of hypocotyl and radicle survival and of germination success were investigated in mature acorns ofQuercus variabilis Blume in relation to endosperm loss due to seed insects. The acorns were damaged by curculio weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and moths, including tortricid moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae); the former were more abundant than the latter. Acorns damaged by curculio weevils showed a significantly lower germination rate when there was a large endosperm loss than the rate for sound acorns. The survival rate of the hypocotyl and radicle also decreased as endosperm loss increased. These results suggest that acorn germination is directly inhibited by damage to the hypocotyl and radicle, which depends on the amount of endosperm eaten by the weevils. However, the germination rate of acorns with hypocotyl and radicle was consistently high, irrespective of the degree of endosperm loss, which suggests that weevil-damaged acorns probably germinate, provided the hypocotyl and radicle survive until the cessation of damage. Research Fellow of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science. This study was supported in part by Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research from the Japan Ministry of Education, Science and Culture (No. 09001647, No. 10660144, and No. 11460068) and the Nippon Life Insurance Foundation.     

Intercropping fenugreek (Trigonella foenum‐graecum L.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) with and without biochar: Tests along a competition gradient

Integrating soil amendment biochar to legume‐based intercropping systems may amplify the intercropping benefits and lead to more sustainable production due to its positive effects on the soil physicochemical and biological environment. Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum‐graecum) is a legume used in an intercropping system in several countries in Southern Europe, the Middle East, and Asia. A barley cultivar and an Iranian fenugreek ecotype were studied in two replacement series experiments to find the best combination of the two species as well as the effect of adding biochar to the soil. Fenugreek and barley were grown in 4‐L pots in five density combinations (20:0, 15:5, 10:10, 5:15, 0:20) with and without application of biochar in sandy loam soil. The biomass, nitrogen (N) and carbon (C) amount of the two crops were measured fifty days after sowing, and the Relative Yield Total (RYT) was estimated. Our results showed that biochar application resulted in a higher total biomass, N and C amount in all combinations of fenugreek and barley. Total biomass was increased by biochar 19.2% when fenugreek was grown alone and 8.1 and 12.9% in series with 25 and 50% barley when biochar was added, respectively. Biochar increased dry matter, N and C accumulation in both crop species in the mixtures. An exception was the C amount of barley which was not influenced by biochar in intercropping. RYT values were largest for biomass, C and N amount in mixtures with 15 fenugreek plants per pot and 5 barley plants per pot corresponding to approximately 400 fenugreek plants per m mixed with 130 barley plants per m². Biochar application increased RYT of the total dry weight by 2.7 and 5.5% in mixtures of 25 and 50% barley plants, RYT of the total nitrogen by 0.8% in mixtures with 25% barley plants, and RYT of the total carbon by 2.7 and 6.6% in mixtures with 25 and 50% barley plants. The RYT values declined with increasing number of barley plants as a result of a less competitive ability of fenugreek when growing in high barley densities. The yield was highest with intercropping but monoculture of barley also resulted in high yields. The total highest yield was found when approximately 130 fenugreek plants per m² were mixed with 400 barley plants per m². Mixtures with 75% fenugreek and 25% barley obtained RYT values larger than 1 for biomass, carbon and nitrogen percentages.     

Effects of alternative dietary lipid sources on growth performance,health status and fillet fatty acid composition of hybrid sturgeon (Acipenser baeri Brandt ♀ × Acipenser schrenckii Brandt ♂)

An 8‐week trial was conducted to determine the effects of total replacement of 12.9% fish oil (FO) with soybean oil (SBO), peanut oil (PNO), sunflower seed oil (SFSO), corn oil (CO) and canola oil (CNO) on growth performance, health status and fillet fatty acid composition of hybrid sturgeon (194.28 ± 0.14 g). Compared to the FO group, dietary SBO decreased growth performance (p < .05), increased serum glucose and hepatic lipid content (p < .05). No obvious adverse effects on growth performance and health status were observed in PNO, SFSO and CO groups (p > 0.05). The fish fed with CNO had increased growth performance (p < .05), reduced serum ALT, AST, LDL‐C (p < .05) and enhanced serum GSH‐Px, T‐AOC, and LZM, MPO, C4 (p < .05). The contents of C18:1n9, C18:2n6, and ∑n‐3 PUFA and ∑n‐6 PUFA in fillets showed a positive linear correlation with the diets (p < .05). In summary, PNO, SFSO and CO are probable alternative lipid sources to fully replace FO. Hybrid sturgeon prefers to use CNO as a lipid source with improved growth performance and health status. The fillet fatty acid composition mirrors the dietary fatty acid composition.     

Genetic effects of embryo and endosperm for four malting quality traits of barley

Seed of seven cultivars of two-rowed barley (Hordeum Vulgare L.) and F2 seed from a half-diallel set of crosses among the cultivars were malted in two years to obtain data on diastatic power (DP), alpha-amylase activity (αAA), beta- amylase activity (βAA) and malt nitrogen (N) content. Embryo and endosperm genetic effects on the traits were studied by using a genetic model including genotype × environment interaction for malting quality characters. Variation of the four malting quality traits was affected by gentic effects and environmental interaction. Performance of DP and βAA was mainly controlled not only by endosperm dominance effects but also by embryo genotype × environment interaction and endosperm dominance × environment interaction. Variation of αAA and malt N content was controlled by both embryo and endosperm genetic effects, but the embryo dominance and endosperm additive effects contributed a major part to the total genetic effects. Significant interaction variances (embryo additive × environment and dominance × environment and endosperm dominance × environment) were also observed for αAA and malt N content. Diastatic power was related positively to βAA. Malt N content was associated positively with DP, largely because of the relationship between malt N and βAA. No obvious phenotype association between DP and αAA was found. General narrow-sense heritabilities of αAA and malt N content were 26.1% and 27.8%, respectively. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

An evaluation of the nutritional value of alternative lipid sources to juvenile southern rock lobster, Jasus edwardsii

Experimental lobster feeds are currently based on fish meal and fish oil formulations, and although survival and growth similar to that of lobsters fed fresh blue mussels has been achieved, varying the protein level in previous experimental feeds has not increased growth beyond that of lobsters fed natural food. This experiment assessed the growth performance of lobsters fed pelleted feeds containing constant amounts of protein, lipid and energy where the lipid was provided by a range of oil-rich ingredients (fish oil, FO; fish oil with added soybean lecithin, FOL; canola oil, CO; tuna oil, TO; mussel meal, MM; and squid meal, SQM). Feed performance was assessed by lobster growth rate, survival, final biochemical composition, nutrient retention and nutrient efficiency. Twenty tanks containing 15 post-larval lobsters each (1.5 ± 0.04 g) were randomly allocated one of six test feeds in triplicate, and the two remaining tanks were fed freshly opened blue mussels (FRM) as a reference feed. Lobsters were fed daily to excess for 10 weeks. Final individual weights of whole body and digestive gland were measured, and tissue chemical composition analysed. There were no significant differences in survival (88.4 ± 3.3%), or specific growth rate (1.3 ± 0.1%.day^− 1) among the formulated feed fed lobsters, which were significantly lower than the survival (100 ± 0.0%) and SGR (2.2 ± 0.1%.day^− 1) of FRM fed lobsters. The SQM fed lobsters had a significantly lower lipid efficiency ratio and lipid productivity value than lobsters fed TO, FOL and MM feeds. The digestive gland lipid content (g.100 g wet tissue^− 1) of lobsters fed the feeds TO (3.7 ± 0.4), FO (3.5 ± 0.3) and SQM (2.2 ± 0.2) were significantly lower than lobsters fed feeds MM (9.9 ± 1.1), FOL (9.0 ± 2.3) and FRM fed lobsters contained most digestive gland lipid (12.3 ± 1.5).     

基于透射光和反射光图像同位分割的小麦品种识别方法研究

为提高基于机器视觉的小麦品种识别准确性,本文通过透射光和反射光同位图像分割对种子颜色特征参数进行了优化提取.采用透射光图像辅助反射光图像分割的方式从种子图像中分割出胚部区域,并分别提取小麦整粒、种胚、胚乳区域的颜色特征参数.以济麦22、济麦44、京麦9、京麦11共4个品种种子作为研究对象,利用HALCON机器视觉软件获...     

高赖氨酸玉米（Opaque－2）数量性状的遗传研究

研究了１７个高赖氨酸玉米（Ｏｐａｑｕｅ－２玉米，简称Ｏ－２玉米）的数量性状遗传，并应用三倍体模型对籽粒的主要性状遗传效应进行了研究。采用ＭｉＮＱＵＥ（１）估算方差分量以及预测遗传效应值方法分析了双列杂交试验资料，遗传估算方差结果表明，籽粒长度、宽度、厚度、百粒重、赖氨酸含量（Ｌｙｓｃｏｎｔｅｎｔ）和每粒赖氨酸含量（Ｌｙｓ／Ｇｒａ）都受母体植株基因和细胞质基因控制，另外，这些性状都容易受非遗传因素的影响。遗传效应预测值分析表明，籽粒性状上直接效应不明显，最主要效应是母体加、显性效应和细胞质效应，在某些性状上细胞质效应和母体效应方向相反，因此，在育种工作中必须考虑效应的重组，选择适当的杂交组合。在本实验所研究的性状中，只有籽粒百粒重杂种优势比较明显。