Transition from vitreous to floury endosperm in maize (Zea mays L.) kernels is related to protein and starch gradients

Relationships between kernel vitreousness and proteins and starch partitioning to the floury and vitreous regions of the endosperm were monitored in a set of 13 maize inbred lines. Decrease of protein contents from the vitreous to the floury endosperms were mainly assigned to α-zeins. Using Raman microspectroscopy, we observed a protein gradient from the periphery to the center of endosperms that well fitted with the inverse relationships between vitreousness and protein content of the vitreous and floury regions. In addition, Raman microspectroscopy highlighted an increase of starch crystallinity from the periphery to the center of the maize endosperms. This agrees with the higher amylose and associated lipid contents within starches of vitreous than in those of floury endosperms. Finally, starch granules from vitreous regions displayed more channels than the floury ones. These channels contain proteins that might favor adhesion of proteins to starch granules or granule–granule contacts to form the close packing of the vitreous endosperm. Therefore transition from vitreous to floury endosperm is at least the result of both protein and starch gradients. These gradients are probably associated with metabolic gradients that have been observed during endosperm development.     

缺水地区农用水权置换实践比较与优化研究

农用水权置换制度在我国缺水地区不同程度开展,选择了较为典型的宁夏、内蒙古、甘肃和青海等4个地区,对其农用水权置换实践情况,从缺水地区制度安排、农用水权置换现状、促进经济发展等方面进行了分析,比较其实践情况,发现其在农用水权置换的基础工作、促进地区经济发展等4个方面存在共性以及在农用水权置换发展阶段、选择路径、农户参与程度等3个方面存在差异,最后从政府间区域水权转让、区域水权水量控制和用水户定额管理、农户间水量动态平衡、设定置入方进入门槛和置入方节水指标换取农业水权量等4个层次构建缺水地区农用水权置换体系。     

大米小包装储藏过程中脂类及微观结构的变化

【目的】由于胚乳失去保护,大米在储藏过程中易发生陈化、霉变等问题,致使其品质劣变甚至丧失食用价值。通过测定储藏过程中大米游离脂肪酸、总酸含量、脂肪酸组成和含量,观察大米横断面胚乳细胞、淀粉颗粒微观结构,探讨大米品质劣变原因,为大米储藏技术提供参考。【方法】以粳稻99号大米为对象,进行人工模拟储藏试验：采用编织袋、自然密闭缺氧、抽真空3种包装方式,置于温度为15、25和30℃（60%湿度）的人工气候箱中储藏180 d,每个月进行一次品质指标测定;测定大米储藏过程中脂肪酸值、总酸值的变化,利用气相色谱分析脂肪酸组成及含量变化,利用扫描电镜观察大米横断面胚乳细胞形态,探索脂类及横断面胚乳结构导致大米品质陈化的机理及品质劣变后淀粉颗粒微观形态的变化规律。【结果】①储藏过程中,编织袋及自然密闭缺氧包装的大米游离脂肪酸及总酸含量皆呈现急剧上升趋势,当品质劣变严重时两者含量反而下降;抽真空包装的大米游离脂肪酸及总酸含量均保持在较稳定的水平,且储藏温度对其含量影响不显著;②脂肪酸组成中含量最多的是亚油酸、油酸和棕榈酸,这3种脂肪酸含量占总脂肪90%以上。包装方式及储藏温度对各脂肪酸组成影响不同。除了花生酸（C20:0）及二十二烯酸（C22:1）外,其余脂肪酸受包装方式影响较大;而储藏温度仅与豆蔻酸（C14:0）和山嵛酸（C22:0）有显著性关系,对其余脂肪酸影响不大。脂肪酸变化规律符合：高不饱和脂肪酸含量随温度升高而降低,多不饱和脂肪酸与饱和脂肪酸及单不饱和脂肪酸间呈现显著负相关,具体表现为硬脂酸（C18:0）与亚油酸（C18:2）、亚麻酸（C18:3）;油酸（C18:1）与亚油酸、亚麻酸皆呈现明显的“此消彼长”现象。③新鲜大米淀粉粒以复粒形式存在,形状较大,表面有较厚的膜,排列整齐有序,两侧以片状的细胞间断面居多,放射状结构清晰可见。陈化加剧的大米胚乳细胞横断面结构松散无序,细胞内断面多于细胞间断面,横断面上可观测到“小孔”及一些分散在淀粉体周围的蛋白体和脂肪滴;细胞壁的完整性受到破坏致使复粒崩解并可见大量单粒细胞,一部分单淀粉粒形状近圆型,棱角较钝;细胞间的棱角模糊,放射状结构变得模糊甚至消失。【结论】编织袋及自然密闭缺氧包装的大米陈化劣变较为严重,储藏过程中其脂肪酸值、总酸值急剧上升后下降,胚乳表面光滑度变差、小孔数量及表面蛋白质膜的翘起变多,辐射状趋势渐渐消失。抽真空包装可以有效延缓大米品质劣变进程。     

豆油替代鱼油对中华绒螯蟹幼蟹生长、非特异性免疫和抗病力的影响

以酪蛋白和明胶为蛋白源配制5组等氮等能的实验饲料, 分别为全鱼油(F1)、25%(F2)、50%(F3)和75%(F4)豆油替代组和全豆油组(F5), 每组4个重复, 投喂初始体质量为(0.27±0.03) g的中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)幼蟹6周, 评价豆油替代鱼油的饲料对幼蟹生长、非特异性免疫力和抗病力的影响。结果发现, 各组幼蟹的存活率差异不显著(P>0.05); F4组幼蟹的增重率和特定生长率显著高于F1组(P<0.05), 但与其他各组差异不显著(P>0.05)。F4组幼蟹的血清酸性磷酸酶和碱性磷酸酶活性均显著高于其他各组(P<0.05), F5组最低。幼蟹的血清中超氧化物歧化酶活性以F4组最高, 显著高于F3组(P<0.05), F3和F4组均显著高于其他各组(P<0.05), 其他F1、F2和F5三组间差异不显著(P>0.05)。F1组幼蟹的血清丙二醛含量最高(P<0.05), 其余各组之间则差异不显著(P>0.05); F4组幼蟹的血清酚氧化酶活性最高, 而F5组最低(P<0.05); 各组幼蟹的溶菌酶差异不显著(P>0.05)。实验结束后, 采用嗜水气单胞菌(Aeromonas hydrophila)攻毒10 d, 发现F5组幼蟹最早出现死亡, 且该组幼蟹的累积死亡率显著高于F1和F4组(P<0.05)。结果提示, 采用豆油完全替代饲料中的鱼油对幼蟹的生长影响不显著, 但会降低其抵抗感染疾病的能力; 用75%豆油替代鱼油可在明显提高幼蟹免疫机能和抗病力的情况下获得良好的生长性能。

     

Effect of replacing fishmeal with canola meal on growth and nutrient utilization in kuruma shrimp Marsupenaeus japonicus (Bate)

A feeding trial was conducted to assess the nutritional values of canola meal as a substitute for fishmeal in diets for kuruma shrimp using five isocaloric diets (190 kJ kg^?1) prepared by replacing 0%, 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% of fishmeal protein with canola meal protein in CM0, CM10, CM20, CM30 and CM40 diets respectively. Triplicate groups of juveniles (0.19 g) were fed the respective diets for 60 days in tanks. At the end of trial, weight gain (%) and specific growth rate (% day^?1) were not significantly (P > 0.05) different among shrimp fed CM0, CM10 and CM20 diets. However, growth was significantly (P < 0.05) decreased in shrimp fed CM30 and CM40 diets. As with growth performance, feed intake, feed conversion ratio and protein efficiency ratio were also decreased (P < 0.05) in CM30 and CM40 groups. Whole body dry matter, methionine and proline were significantly decreased with canola meal substitution levels. In general, retention efficiency of protein and indispensible amino acids were decreased as canola meal increased in diets. It may be concluded that 20% fishmeal protein can be successfully replaced with canola meal, while supplementation of amino acids or blending with complementary proteins could facilitate higher fishmeal replacements in kuruma shrimp diets.     

城市土地置换过程中土壤污染研究进展评述

城市土地置换过程中严重的土壤污染已经成为制约城市地区土地可持续开发利用的主要因素.本文从城市土壤污染的内在机理研究、污染土地风险评价与风险管理研究、土壤污染与土地价值损失风险关系研究、污染土地治理和再开发投融资机制研究4个方面综述了国内外城市土地置换过程中土壤污染研究进展.述评认为土壤污染领域研究已经成为实现城市可持续发展的重要课题,土壤污染的环境管理理论与方法滞后于其他要素的研究,土壤污染风险评价与风险管理已经成为土壤环境管理的重要决策支撑.     

制冷剂的替代及相关问题分析

结合当今世界环保趋势对制冷剂使用的要求,阐述了关于某些制冷剂的最后禁用期限、替代、过渡和禁用制冷剂的回收利用,并提出了对中国有关制冷剂替代工作的建议。     

End-of-Season Carcass and Reproductive Traits in Original and Replacement Male Broiler Breeders

Reproductive efficiency of male broiler breeders declines toward the end of a production cycle. It is common to add young, replacement males (spiking) to a breeder flock to maintain or increase fertility. To date, no study has reported if there are differences in the carcass and reproductive morphology between original and spiked males at the end of the breeding period. In this study, the weight, fleshing traits, footpad condition, and testes size of 327 Hubbard males (237 original and 90 replacement) from a commercial operation were examined. The original birds (63 wk of age) had significantly higher BW, breast weight, girth measurement, keel length, and spur length than the spiked males (48 wk of age). While external indicators of size and fleshing differed betweenreplacement and original roosters, testis weight was not affected by the age of the bird. It was found that average testis weight correlated well with BW in birds in which testicular regression had not taken place but only weakly with spur length. Because original males had a higher BW and were more heavily fleshed than replacement males, their ability to successfully complete matings may have been impeded. Further research is needed to link growth profiles with semen quality, sexual behavioral, and longevity of a male breeder in a commercial flock.     

以大口黑鲈和大黄鱼配合饲料应用为例谈 改变鱼类营养和饲料研究范式

鱼类营养和饲料研究始于70年前并借鉴陆生动物营养研究经验形成了研究范式。在过去70年中,鱼类营养和饲料研究取得了大量的成果,这些研究成果推动了水产配合饲料技术的进步,为水产饲料产业从无到有、从小到大做出了贡献。然而,随着全球水产养殖规模的不断扩大,水产养殖发展面临的资源和环境压力日益增加,对水产饲料也提出了更高的要求。事实表明,根据一些鱼类营养和饲料研究成果所配方的饲料在养殖生产实践中往往不能取得预期的应用效果,这意味着在已有范式下取得的研究成果有时难以很好地满足现代鱼类养殖产业的需要。本文叙述了具有重要经济价值的两种肉食性鱼类大口黑鲈和大黄鱼配合饲料研发与应用的历程,指出对饲料蛋白需求的低估是限制配合饲料长期未能在大口黑鲈和大黄鱼养殖生产中应用的主要原因。早期研究报道大口黑鲈的饲料蛋白需求为400-440 g/kg,大黄鱼的饲料蛋白需求为450-470 g/kg。经过重新评估后将大口黑鲈和大黄鱼的最适饲料蛋白水平分别提高到480-510 g/kg和490-520 g/kg。在适宜的饲料蛋白水平下,投喂配合饲料的大口黑鲈和大黄鱼生长与投喂冰鲜鱼时相当。作者认为对饲料蛋白需求的低估与已有鱼类营养和饲料研究范式存在的不足有关,其表现为：（1）强调食物对鱼类生长的作用,但忽视了实验鱼遗传背景和食物以外的环境条件对生长和摄食的影响;（2）强调鱼类个体生长对评价营养需求和饲料质量的重要性,但忽视了鱼类个体生长差异并不能完全反映养殖产量和效益的事实;（3）强调生长和饲料利用效率作为鱼类营养和饲料研究评价指标的重要性,但忽视了养殖对环境和自然资源的负面影响是限制水产养殖产业可持续发展的瓶颈;（4）没有足够重视基础饲料配方在评价营养需求或饲料质量方面的影响,一些研究因基础饲料组成不当而产生没有实际意义的评价结果。针对上述问题,作者建议从概念、理论和研究方法方面对已有的范式做如下修改：（1）重视鱼类遗传背景和食物以外的环境条件对鱼类生长的影响,明确鱼类营养需求取决于其生长需求;（2）重视食物中各种营养素之间的相互作用,明确不同饲料原料在实现配方的营养平衡方面发挥着不同的作用;（3）重视对实验鱼种质和种群结构的选择,重视对照组和处理组个体生长差异的幅度对判断饲料处理效应的指示作用,重视饲料配方对渔业资源和环境等水产养殖可持续发展相关的内容的影响。经过修改后的研究范式更符合养殖生产实际,在此基础上开展研究所获得的成果也能够更好地指导配合饲料生产,为鱼类养殖产业的可持续发展提供更好的科技支撑。