活性污泥中细菌对聚丙烯酰胺的生物降解研究

聚丙烯酰胺（Polyacrylamide,PAM）是一类重要的水溶性高分子聚合物,已广泛应用到工农业生产的各个领域和人们的日常生活中。同时,PAM在环境中的残留、迁移和降解对环境的污染也日趋严重,尤其是降解后的单体丙烯酰胺对人类的神经系统有很大的危害。本文从胜利油田的活性污泥中筛选出3株聚丙烯酰胺降解菌,通过比较筛选出一株降解效果较好的菌,命名为AS－2。根据生理生化特性分析,初步鉴定为海球菌属。采用室内培养方法,研究了AS－2对聚丙烯酰胺生物降解的最佳条件。结果表明,当降解时间为5d,pH=8,温度为40℃,碳源为原油,氮源为NaNO3,原油和NaNO3的含量分别为2．5,1．4g·L^-1时,AS-2对聚丙烯酰胺的降解率达到45．23％。通过对聚丙烯酰胺生物降解前后的红外谱图比较,推断出AS-2主要降解了聚丙烯酰胺侧链的酰胺基,将酰胺基降解为羧酸和游离的氡基。用高效液相色谱检测生化后的PAM溶液,未检测出单体丙烯酰胺。     

乳清酒发酵剂的优选

以2株乳酵母菌、地方性奶酒酵母泥、乳酸菌、丹宝利活性酿酒干酵母为发酵菌种,研究其在乳清酒发酵中各发酵剂的发酵能力、发酵特性并对发酵所得乳清酒品质进行了分析,筛选出5#组合菌种(乳酵母菌2,丹宝利活性酿酒千酵母、保加利亚乳杆菌和嗜热链球菌比例为10:0.1:1)为本研究最佳试验用发酵菌种.     

趋磁细菌特性及其应用前景

趋磁细菌具有独特的磁场运动特性、生物学特性,其磁小体可作为生物活性物质的固定载体、磁记忆材料等.笔者介绍了趋磁细菌的发现、种类、特点及趋磁细菌在生物导航、重金属废水处理、地质学研究及医学等方面的应用前景.     

Intestinal microbiota differentially affect brush border enzyme activity and gene expression in the neonatal gnotobiotic pig

To study microbial influence on intestinal development pertaining to nutrient digestion, two separate gnotobiotic experiments were performed, each with 16 piglets allocated to four treatment groups: germfree (GF), monoassociation with Escherichia coli, monoassociation with Lactobacillus fermentum or conventionalization with faecal bacteria (CV). Enzyme activity and gene expression of lactase phlorizin hydrolase (LPH) and aminopeptidase N (APN) were measured in isolated enterocytes, harvested on day 14, using specific substrates and quantitative PCR respectively. Enterocytes of CV pigs had reduced APN activity, but had increased gene expression relative to GF, making the specific activity:mRNA (A:G) ratio dramatically lower (p < 0.05). Similarly, LPH A:G ratio was significantly reduced (p < 0.05) in enterocytes of CV pigs as compared with GF. The results of co‐incubation of L. fermentum, E. coli and faecal bacteria with APN indicate a direct relationship between enzyme inactivation and specific A:G ratio in enterocytes. We conclude that enterocyte up‐regulation of APN expression occurs as either a direct response to microbial colonization or as a feedback mechanism in response to reduced enzyme activity through microbial degradation. This mechanism may play a role in ensuring effective competition of the host with the intestinal microbiota for available nutrients.     

No easy solution for the fractionation of faecal nitrogen in captive wild herbivores: results of a pilot study

Faecal nitrogen (FN) concentration is used as a marker for habitat quality and digestive efficiency in free‐ranging herbivores. In herbivores, FN can be separated into undigested plant N (analysed as the N concentration of the neutral detergent residue) and metabolic faecal N (MFN). It has been suggested that by differential analysis of the faecal fibre‐bound N, the MFN fraction can be further split into a bacterial N and an endogenous N fraction [Hesta et al., Br. J. Nutr. 90 (2003) 1007]. We applied these methods to 96 faecal samples of 48 mammalian herbivore species from zoos. Species were grouped into coprophageous and non‐coprophageous hindgut fermenters and ruminating and non‐ruminating foregut fermenters. Diet was not controlled. The FN decreased with body mass, possibly reflecting higher proportions of concentrates in diets of smaller animals. The proportion of MFN increased with FN, indicating that higher quality food might enhance the gastrointestinal bacterial flora. The only outlier to this pattern was the lesser panda (Ailurus fulgens), confirming the low relevance of fermentative digestion in this herbivorous ‘carnivore’. No relevant differences between the four digestion types were noted. The proportion of endogenous faecal N (32–80% of FN) was always higher than that of bacterial faecal N (7–30%), which contradicts basal understanding of herbivore digestive physiology. Thus, the method of Hesta et al. (2003) does not appear applicable to herbivores. While the results do not exclude the possibility that detailed differences might occur between digestion types, they indicate a high degree of similarity between herbivores that rely on bacterial fermentation, regardless of their digestion type, with respect to metabolic faecal losses.     

昆虫病原线虫共生菌对小麦根腐病菌和小麦赤霉病菌的抑菌活性

为探索小麦根腐病和小麦赤霉病可持续控制的有效生防途径,以小麦根腐病菌和小麦赤霉病菌作为供试真菌,评价了昆虫病原线虫共生菌及其毒素的抑菌活性,并对高毒力菌株抗逆性进行了初探。结果表明,供试的28个昆虫病原线虫共生菌发酵液和毒素均有一定的抑菌活性,其中,高毒力共生菌菌株SY5发酵液和毒素对小麦根腐病菌的抑菌率分别为56.05%和67.41%,对小麦赤霉病菌的抑菌率分别为82.41%和83.32%;菌株SY5发酵液经50℃处理60 min及18 W紫外灯照射120 min后对小麦根腐病菌的抑菌率无明显变化,但对小麦赤霉病菌的抑菌率有所下降;常温保存150 d,抑菌活性略有下降。说明共生菌菌株SY5对小麦根腐病菌和小麦赤霉病菌抑菌活性显著,且具有一定的抗逆性,极具应用潜力。     

内生放线菌Fq24的拮抗筛选及其代谢产物生物活性研究

通过对番茄内生放线菌的拮抗筛选和其代谢产物生物活性的研究,为防治番茄灰霉病寻找新的生防菌源,并探索植物内生放线菌的生防机理。从健康番茄植株上分离到9株放线菌。通过平板对峙培养和发酵液抑菌活性测定、筛选对番茄灰霉菌有拮抗作用的菌株。以番茄种子及幼苗生长情况,防御酶活性变化,盆栽试验对其代谢产物的促生作用、抗病诱导作用、防病作用等生物活性进行了研究。结果表明：（1）菌株Fq24对番茄灰霉菌的抑菌圈半径大于10 mm,其发酵液的抑制作用可达到68.4%。（2）中浓度的Fq24发酵液促进根茎的生长,幼苗的干、鲜重及株高最大为对照的168.35%、286.30%和70.79%,均为显著增加。（3）番茄幼苗体内防御酶活性明显提高,POD、SOD活性最大增加为71.3%和62.3%。（4）喷施Fq24发酵液可明显降低灰霉病的发病率,取得82.14%的防效。Fq24是株有拮抗作用的菌株,其代谢产物能显著促进番茄种子和幼苗生长;诱导番茄体内抗性酶活性提高,增加植物抗性;明显降低发病率,防病效果好。     

青贮饲料中乳酸菌的分离鉴定及优良菌株筛选

为研究青贮饲料中乳酸菌的分类及形态学与生理生化特性,从苜蓿(Medicago sativa L.)及玉米(Zea maysL.)青贮饲料中分离得到5株乳酸菌。经16S rRNA序列分析,2株(GI7,GI24)为乳酸片球菌(Pediococcus acidilactici),其余3株(GI11,GI44,GI62)分别为戊糖片球菌(Pediococcus pentosaceus)、弯曲乳杆菌(Lactobacillus curvatus)和植物乳杆菌(Lactobacillus plantarum);5株菌均为同型发酵乳酸菌,除弯曲乳杆菌GI44在pH3.0,4.0,8.0等条件下不能生长外,其余菌株均可在5,10,40,45℃等不同温度条件下、pH3.0~8.0等环境下以及3.0%和6.5%NaCl溶液中良好生长或微弱生长。同时,通过产酸速率和生长曲线等指标筛选出产酸较快、生长迅速的GI62可作为制备乳酸菌青贮饲料添加剂的优良菌株。     

可利用纤维素产油脂的意杨内生真菌的筛选与发酵条件研究

从意大利白杨韧皮部中筛选得到一株能够利用纤维素并高产油脂的内生真菌,初步鉴定为茎点霉属.利用意杨树叶粉碎物作为唯一碳源进行液体发酵,该菌株在培养至第8天时,油脂产量和滤纸酶活力达到最高,分别为0.78g/L、5.67mg/(L·min)(以葡萄糖计).通过单因子分析及正交优化试验,得到发酵条件最佳组合为:玉米秆50g/L,NH4NO3 3g/L,温度25℃,摇床转速150r/min,此时真菌油脂产量达到1.12g/L.分析菌体发酵获得的油脂成分,主要为软脂酸、硬脂酸、油酸、亚油酸,可以作为生物柴油的原料.