禁牧封育措施改良高寒地区退化草地的效果

2003-2005年,通过对青海省玉树县上拉秀乡高寒草甸和高寒沼泽化草甸退化草地进行为期3年的禁牧封育改良试验,结果表明:禁牧封育措施对恢复高寒草甸、高寒沼泽化草甸退化草地植被有明显的效果,禁牧封育后草地中植物的盖度、高度和产草量明显提高;牧草成分发生显著变化,优良莎草科、禾本科牧草种类与产量增加,杂类草的种类、产量下降.     

次生幼龄林封山育林后乔木层物种结构变化研究

1999年在浙江省仙居县俞坑村的封山育林区设置20 m×20 m的固定样地2块,对连续5年的调查数据进行统计分析,以其对次生幼林乔木物种结构变化进行研究.分析结果,乔木层物种丰富度指数增加了7～11,乔木物种增加了2～5科,3～8属.自然恢复为以壳斗科、杉科、山茶科、樟科、胡桃科、安息香科等物种为建群种或共建种的次生常绿阔叶林、针阔混交林.     

桑科草原不同草地利用方式土壤呼吸的动态研究

为探寻更加合理的草地利用方式,以甘肃省夏河县桑科乡高寒草原为研究区,分别设置放牧草地,放牧+施肥草地,放牧+划破补播草地、封育草地、人工草地处理,测定不同草地利用方式土壤呼吸的动态变化。结果表明:(1)土壤呼吸速率大小顺序为放牧+施肥人工封育放牧+划破补播放牧,最大值10.41μmol/(m2·s),最小值4.69μmol/(m2·s),日变化和季节变化均呈单峰曲线,日变化峰值出现在13∶00~14∶00,7月各处理土壤呼吸速率达最大。(2)土壤呼吸温度敏感性Q10值为放牧+施肥放牧人工放牧+划破补播封育,最大值1.826,最小值1.157。(3)土壤呼吸与土壤湿度的非线性相关关系P值大小为放牧+划破补播放牧人工封育放牧+施肥。放牧+施肥处理为最优草地利用方式。     

Seed traits and rodent community interact to determine seed fate: evidence from both enclosure and field experiments

Animal-mediated seed dispersal is an important ecological process in which a strong mutualism between animals and plants can arise. However, few studies have examined how a community of potential seed dispersers interacts with sympatric seed trees. We employed a series of experiments in the Qinling Mountains in both semi-natural enclosure and the field to assess the interactions among 3 sympatric rodent species and 3 Fagaceae tree seeds. Seed traits all showed similar tannin levels but markedly different physical traits and nutritional contents. We found that seeds with heavy weight, thick coat, and high nutritional contents were less likely to be eaten in situ but more often to be eaten after dispersal or hoarded by rodents. These results support both the handling time hypothesis and the high nutrition hypothesis. Surprisingly, we also found that rodents, maybe, preferred to consume seeds with low levels of crude fiber in situ, and to harvest and hoard those with high levels of crude fiber for later consumption. The sympatric rodent species, Cansumys canus, the largest rodent in our study, harvested and hoarded more Quercus variabilis seeds with high physical and nutritional traits, while Apodemus draco, the smallest rodent, harvested more Q. serrata seeds with low physical and nutritional traits, and Niviventer confucianus harvested and hoarded more Q. aliena seeds with medium physical and nutritional traits. Our study demonstrates that different seed traits play different roles in influencing the seed fate and the shaping of mutualism and predation interactions within a community of rodent species.     

Strategies for Energy-saving of Air-conditioning Systems

The building energy consumption is one of the major problems concerned by all the countries in the world. In the integral building systems,the consumption of the HVAV systems is more than 35 percent of the total building consumption. So it is important to study the strategies of energy_saving for air_conditioning systems. This paper explains some efficient and energy_saving HVAC systems, such as ice_storage air_conditioning system and underfloor air_conditioning system,and presents the strategies to accomplish the energy_saving purpose by using materials of energy_saving for enclosure structure and proper control systems. Some problems on the conservation of design and the difficulties in practical operation of energy_saving air_conditioning systems in exiting are discussed.     

鼠荒地植被恢复技术试验研究

通过采用灭鼠、灭鼠+围栏封育、灭鼠+围栏封育+补播等培育技术措施对天然草原高原鼢鼠危害形成的鼠荒地进行了植被恢复试验研究。结果表明,对鼠荒地土丘采取灭鼠、灭鼠+围栏封育、灭鼠+围栏封育+补播等培育技术措施,均可明显提高植被盖度、高度和产草量,其中以灭鼠+围栏封育+补播效果最好。在补播牧草品种中以补播无芒雀麦效果最好,其次是补播垂穗披碱草。     

封育对荒漠草原植物群落组成和物种多样性的影响

以盐池县退化荒漠草原为研究对象,采用空间序列代替时间序列的方法,对未围封和围封不同年限的草地植物群落组成和物种多样性变化进行了研究。结果表明,退化草地实施围栏封育后,多年生草本植物的优势地位逐渐增加,一年生草本植物和半灌木的优势地位逐渐降低。群落物种各种多样性指数随围封年限的增加,呈先降低后升高的趋势,围封5年时多样性指数最低。     

营林措施与森林害虫的控制

松毛虫、杨树蛀干害虫等本土重大有害生物的危害严重。从营林措施的角度总结松毛虫、杨树蛀干天牛灾害的防治。     

封育对退化沙质草地土壤种子库与地上群落结构的影响

对封育和未封育放牧草地土壤种子库、地上幼苗库和定植群落的结构特征进行了比较研究,并探讨了地上植被与土壤种子库密度的关系,主要结论是：1)对退化沙地实施封育措施后显著提高了地上植被与土壤种子库的密度和植物种数,特别是显著增加了地上与土壤种子库群落中优良禾草的种数与密度,草地质量得到很大改善。2)地上植被与土壤种子库对放牧干扰的响应模式不同,放牧对地上植被种丰富度的影响要明显大于土壤种子库,而对土壤种子库密度的影响又明显大于地上植被。3)由于放牧显著降低了地上植被与土壤种子库的共有种数,从而降低了地上植被与土壤种子库组成上的相似性。另外,封育和未封育草地在种子库组成上的相似性要高于地上植被组成上的相似性,提供了放牧更强烈地影响地上植被组成的重要佐证。4)回归分析显示,土壤种子库密度与地上早期幼苗库密度和后期定植群落密度以及幼苗库密度与定植群落密度之间均存在显著的正相关性,早期幼苗库密度的56％的变异可归结为土壤种子库密度的变异,而后期定植群落密度的77％的变异可由早期幼苗库密度的变异来解释.     

封育对云南退化山地草甸植物种类及盖度的影响

对云南退化的山地草甸进行了为期3年的禁牧封育,并对其进行监测,研究了禁牧封育对退化山地草甸的改良作用。结果表明,禁牧封育对恢复退化山地草甸物种丰富度和草地盖度有明显的效果。禁牧封育后草地植物的盖度明显提高,植物种类增加很快,植物组成发生了显著变化。经过3年的封育,植物种类由27种增加到57种,是封育前的2倍多,封育第4年,植物物种基本稳定。封育措施有效恢复了不同退化程度山地草甸的物种丰富度和草地盖度,遏制了草地退化,是治理南方草地退化的有效途径。