Socio-economic factors influencing control of vector-borne diseases in the pastoralist system of south western Uganda

Research in control of tick-borne diseases and trypanosomosis, and their vectors, namely, ticks and tsetse flies respectively, has been on going for decades. However, very little attention has been paid to the socio-economic factors that are likely to influence the outcome of the interventions in the control of these diseases. Thus, this study was designed to investigate these factors, mainly the intra-household factors influencing decision-making in the control of Vector-borne diseases in the pastoralist areas of Uganda. These factors included: indigenous technical knowledge, household economic factors, and gender. Both qualitative and quantitative methods were used in the collection and analysis of data. The tools used for data collection included among others, participatory learning and action (PLA), and Case studies. The findings included the following: In pastoralist households, a big proportion of the household budget was allocated to vector-borne diseases control. In the male-headed households, men dominated decision-making on vector-borne diseases control, although the goals and priorities of men and women in these households were not the same. Also, vector-borne disease control was predominantly by use of modern veterinary drugs, and pastoralists treated sick cattle by themselves even in situations where there were veterinary personnel.     

Variation and distribution of virulence phenotypes of Bremia lactucae in natural populations of Lactuca serriola

During 1997–2000 the virulence variation and distribution of virulence phenotypes of Bremia lactucae (lettuce downy mildew) in natural populations of Lactuca serriola (prickly lettuce) were studied. Altogether 139 isolates of B. lactucae originating from the Czech Republic, France and Germany were examined for the presence of 27 virulence factors (v-factors) and their combinations. In the Czech population, 37 different v-phenotypes (P1–P37) of B. lactucae were found to occur on L. serriola . Most v-phenotypes were characterized by v-factors that match resistance ( Dm genes/R-factors) carried by L. serriola . A wide diversity of v-phenotypes was recorded every year, but most were rare and did not reappear in other populations of B. lactucae . The three v-phenotypes P21, P28 and P29 were most frequent and widely distributed. There was variation both between spatially isolated populations and within populations of the pathogen. Geographic differences in virulence were found for the southern parts of Moravia, where the phenotypic composition of pathogen populations was completely different from the remaining part of the area investigated. However, some populations had v-phenotypes similar to those of spatially distant populations in Moravia.     

兰州市空气质量状况及与常规气象条件的关系

根据兰州市空气质量日报数据和同期的常规气象资料,研究了2001～2009年该市的空气质量特征,探讨了气象要素和城市空气质量之间的相互关系。结果表明：随着近年来该市开展大规模的环境综合治理工作,空气质量有了明显得改善。研究期间的空气质量以Ⅱ和Ⅲ级天气为主。主要污染物PM10、SO2、NO2年平均浓度在大部分年份超过国家空...     

青海省旅游气候舒适性评价及不利因素分析

利用1971-2000年的气候数据,对青海省气候舒适性进行了评价,得出如下结论：河、湟谷地气候条件最优,旅游适宜期为5～8月,3月和10月舒适度稍差,11月～次年2月为旅游不舒适期;柴达木地区旅游最适宜期为6～8月,4月、10月、11月～次年3月气温降低,进入旅游不舒适期;祁连山、青海湖地区适宜期只有7、8月,三江源最...     

科尔沁草甸生态系统净碳交换特征及其驱动因子

以2013年10月-2014年9月连续观测的CO₂通量数据为基础,分析了科尔沁草甸生态系统净碳交换量(NEE)的时间变化特征及其驱动因素。结果表明,NEE日变化季节差异明显,生长季变化幅度大,净CO₂日吸收速率7月>8月>9月>6月>5月;生长季内,NEE主要受控于叶面积指数和光合有效辐射。NEE与光合有效辐射(PAR)之间的关系可用直角双曲线方程来描述,拟合得到的表观初始光能利用率α为0.0015 μmol CO₂/μmol PAR,最大光合速率P_max为0.65 μmol CO₂/(m²·s)。叶面积指数(LAI)对NEE的影响可由分段函数表示,当LAI>3.08时,表现为渐进饱和型,且LAI越大NEE对PAR的响应越明显;当高饱和水汽压差(VPD)在1.5~2.0 kPa时,光合作用开始降低,NEE明显受到VPD值的抑制;短暂强降雨(累计降雨量>40 mm/d)对昼间NEE有一定的抑制,而持续低强度降雨(降雨时长>15 h)对夜间NEE存在激发作用;夜间NEE随土壤温度呈指数增长,温度敏感系数(Q₁₀)为2.63。     

对3个桑品种生理生态特征的比较研究

研究了湖桑32号、农桑14号和丰田2号等3个桑树品种的光合特征及叶绿素的部分参数。3个品种的光补偿点为3.58～50.10μmol/(m2.s),表观量子效率为0.022～0.051,湖桑32号>农桑14号>丰田2号;光饱和点为1 436.78～1 571.43μmol/(m2.s),丰田2号>农桑14号>湖桑32号;CO2补偿点为62.87～103.40μmol/mol,CO2饱和点为921.88～1 055.56μmol/mol,其中,湖桑32号的CO2补偿点和饱和点、羧化效率及二磷酸核酮糖羧化酶的最大再生速率(Pmax)均较显著高于其它两个品种;叶绿素相对含量丰田2号>农桑14号>湖桑32号,表明丰田2号单位叶面叶绿体数量较多,具有相对较大的光合潜力;光化学效率和光合电子传递效率分别为0.746 2～0.801 8、1.58～3.43,其中丰田2号的叶绿素荧光参数值显著高于其它2个品种,具有一定光适应和抗逆性能力。     

船体结构焊接变形问题研究

焊接变形是影响焊接结构质量和生产率的主要问题之一。船体焊接变形的存在不仅影响焊接结构的制造过程,而且影响船体焊接结构的使用性能。详述焊接变形的分类和影响船体焊接变形的主要因素,为控制焊接变形提供理论与技术支持。     

基于田间空气中病菌孢子浓度的小麦白粉病病情估计模型研究

2014和2015两年度利用Burkard定容式孢子捕捉器监测了高感小麦白粉病品种京双16种植区和中感品种众麦2号种植区田间空气中的病菌孢子浓度变化动态,同时利用小型气象站监测了田间的气象因子,通过分析京双16和众麦2号种植区空气中孢子浓度与空气温度、湿度、降雨、风速和太阳辐射率的相关性,发现空气中的孢子浓度主要与空气温度呈显著的正相关性(r0.348 3,P0.05)。在此基础上,分别分析了田间病情与调查日期前累积孢子浓度、一周前累积孢子浓度、前一周累积孢子浓度和当周累积孢子浓度的关系,结果表明,中感品种众麦2号田间病情与累积孢子浓度的关系均呈指数关系,其中田间病情与调查日期前累积孢子浓度或一周前累积孢子浓度的拟合效果最好,而感病品种京双16的田间病情与累积孢子浓度多呈对数关系,其中病情指数与一周前累积孢子浓度的拟合效果最好。     

基于主成分分析和Copula函数的灌溉水利用系数影响因素研究

以新疆生产建设兵团第十二师中型灌区为研究对象,采用首尾法测算2018年和2019年4个样点灌区的灌溉水利用系数,在采用主成分分析法对指标体系降维处理的基础上,用Copula函数构建PCA-Copula评价分析方法,对灌溉水利用系数各影响因素的影响程度和影响规律进行计算分析。结果表明：两年测算数据表明,4个样点灌区灌溉水利用系数都在0.63以上,且最大值达到0.668,分别高于同期全疆、全国平均水平5.05%、10.15%;主成分分析得出,渠道衬砌率（0.944）、滴灌灌溉面积比（0.746）、作物需水量（0.635）、实际灌溉面积（0.734）等都具有超过60%的正贡献率,而葡萄种植比（-0.586）和灌区毛灌溉用水量（-0.645）等具有超过58%的负贡献率。利用PCA-Copula分析评估方法得出,作物种植比例和节水灌溉工程状况对十二师中型灌区灌溉水有效利用系数影响显著（P<0.05）,其中葡萄净灌溉定额和灌区毛灌溉用水量对灌溉水有效利用系数的影响极其显著（P<0.01）,相关系数分别为0.875、0.742,同时利用Spearman等级相关系数检验法和线型回归来检验PCA-Copula评价法与熵值法的密切程度,检验结果其相关系数分别为 0.87（P＜0.05）和0. 52（P＜0.001）,表明PCA-Copula评价方法适用于研究灌溉水利用系数影响因素。     

渭北果园生草生物量与土壤养分因子的关系

果园生草技术作为一种先进的果园管理模式,能够改善土壤的理化性状。采用Person相关性和通径分析方法,对苹果园清耕、苹果/白三叶(Trifoliurn repens L.)、苹果/红三叶(Trifolium pretense)、苹果/小冠花(Coronilla varia L.)、苹果/鸡脚草(Dactylis glomerata L.)、苹果/百脉根(Lotuscorniculatus)间作6种管理模式下生草生物量和土壤养分因子进行了研究,探讨了生草生物量与土壤养分因子的关系,以期为果园生草的合理选择与有效管理提供参考。结果表明:5种生草的总生物量都介于150~300 g·m-2,小冠花的总生物量最大,而白三叶最小,具体顺序为:小冠花百脉根鸡脚草红三叶白三叶。通径分析结果表明,土壤肥力因子对生草生物量的直接作用系数大小顺序为容重全氮速效钾有机碳硝态氮铵态氮速效磷,土壤容重和全氮的直接和间接通径系数较大(分别为0.847和0.917),是影响生草生物量最主要的因素,速效钾和有机碳是影响生草生物量的次要因子,而硝态氮、铵态氮和速效磷对生草生物量的作用很微弱。