河口地区橡胶树六点始叶螨发生规律初步观察

报道了河口地区2005年对橡胶树六点始叶螨消长规律的观察结果:橡胶树六点始叶螨在5月份前后开始发生,6月份虫口迅速增加,7月份达全年虫口高峰期,8月份后虫口锐减,至10月份又上升形成一个高峰。同时提出防治指标为叶平均螨口1头或虫卵比≥1时进行防治,每年6月初是防治的关键时期。     

Dielectric relaxation due to heterogeneous structure in moist wood

Dielectric properties in three main directions for hinoki wood (Chamaecyparis obtusa) specimens conditioned at various levels of relative humidity were measured in the frequency range from 20 Hz to 10 MHz over the temperature range from −150°C to 20°C. Three relaxations were observed in the specimens conditioned at high levels of relative humidity. The relaxation in the highest frequency range was ascribed to the motions of adsorbed water molecules. The relaxation in the middle frequency range remained unchanged by the ethanol–benzene extraction of specimens. The relaxation location was independent of measuring directions. The relaxation in the lowest frequency range was not detected in the specimens impregnated with methyl methacrylate (MMA). This result suggested that the relaxation was due to electrode polarization. The Cole-Cole circular arc law applied well to two relaxations recognized in the specimens impregnated with MMA. The relaxation magnitude in the middle frequency range was extremely large, and the distribution of relaxation times was very narrow. These characteristics suggested relaxation of the Maxwell-Wagner type resulting from the interfacial polarization in the heterogeneous structure, which included adsorbed water with large electrical conductivity within the insulating cell walls.     

Energy and carbon dioxide (CO2) balance of logging residues as alternative energy resources: system analysis based on the method of a life cycle inventory (LCI) analysis

Using the method of a life cycle inventory (LCI) analysis, the energy balance and the carbon dioxide (CO₂) emission of logging residues from Japanese conventional forestry as alternative energy resources were analyzed over the entire life cycle of the residues. The fuel consumption for forestry machines was measured in field experiments for harvesting and transporting logging residues at forestry operating sites in Japan. In addition, a total audit of energy consumption was undertaken. It involved an assessment of materials, construction, and the repair and maintenance of forestry machines as well as the costs associated with an energy-conversion plant. As a result, the ratio of energy output to input was calculated to be 5.69, indicating that the system examined in this study could be feasible as an energy production system. The CO₂ emission per MWh_e (e: electricity) of the biomass-fired power generation plant was calculated to be 61.8kgCO₂/MWh_e, while that of coal-fired power generation plants in Japan is 960kgCO₂/MWh_e. Therefore, the reduction in the amount of CO₂ emission that would result from replacing coal with biomass for power generation by as much as 3.0 million dry-t/year of logging residues in Japan was estimated to be 1.66 million tCO₂/year, corresponding to 0.142% of the national CO₂ emission. This study provides evidence that Japan could reduce its domestic CO₂ emission by using logging residues as alternative energy resources.     

千年桐苗木生长规律研究

以千年桐1年生播种苗为研究对象,对其苗高、地径的生长规律和苗高、地径与气象因子的关系等进行研究。试验结果表明：Logistic方程可较好地反映1年生千年桐的苗高、地径生长规律;日平均气温是影响苗高生长的主要气象因子,气象因子与地径生长关系不大。     

Fluxes of methane from rice fields and potential for mitigation

Abstract. Methane (CH₄) is an important greenhouse gas. Flooded rice fields (paddies) are a significant source of atmospheric CH₄; estimates of the annual emission from paddies range from less than 20 to 100 million Tg, with best estimates of 50 × 20 Tg. The emission is the net result of opposing bacterial processes: production in anaerobic microenvironments, and consumption and oxidation in aerobic microenvironments, both of which occur sequentially and concurrently in flooded rice soils. With current technologies, CH₄ emission from rice fields will increase as production increases. Over the next 25 years rice production will have to increase by 65% from the present 460 Mt/y to 760 Mt/y in 2020. The current understanding of the processes controlling CH₄ fluxes, rice growth and rice production is sufficient to develop mitigation technologies. Promising candidates are changes in water management, rice cultivars, fertilization, and cultural practices. A significant reduction of CH₄ emission from rice fields, at the same time that rice production and productivity increase at the farm level, is feasible, although the regions where particular practices can be applied, and the trade-offs that are possible, have still to be identified.     

泸县水土保持监督执法的实践与探索

在贯彻施行《水土保持法》上,作了认真广泛的宣传,健全了执法体系和完善了执法网络,制定了一系列切实可行的地方配套规范性文件。狠抓了“审批、监督、收费”三权,形成了一套具有特色的水土保持监督执法程序和方法,对控制人为造成水土流失收到良好的效果。     

Comparison of New Ultrasonic Digestion Approaches for Plant Matrices in the Analysis of Trace Metals by Inductively Coupled Plasma–Optical Emission Spectroscopy Analysis: Contrast with USEPA Method 3050B

An ultrasonic method using two approaches, A and B, along with a reference Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Method 3050B [i.e., a mixture of 30 mL of nitric acid–hydrochloric acid–hydrogen peroxide–water (HNO₃-HCl-H₂O₂-H₂O)] were contrasted for leaching of a plant matrix. The trace metals were arsenic, cadmium, cobalt, chromium, copper, mercury, manganese, nickel, lead, selenium, and zinc (As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Se and Zn) and quantified by ICP-OES followed by an investigation into residue formation and the impact of digestion time. Approach B was the most accurate and precise with percent recoveries ranging between 99 and 120%, whereas ultrasonic approach A and the USEPA method 3050B gave similar results with poor accuracies and precisions. In the optimization of the digestion time using approach B, the total metal recovery was fairly the same over a period of 120 min except for Cr and Cu, which showed slight variations.     

小型涡流室柴油机供油与燃烧系统协同匹配

小型涡流室柴油机的供油与燃烧系统优化是满足不断加严排放法规的基础。该文以某170F涡流室柴油机为研究对象,运用模拟计算与试验结合的方法,对其供油及燃烧系统开展研究。借助工程软件构建了供油系统仿真模型,通过设计长型短结构喷油器、优化供油系统参数,来提高喷油压力和优化喷油特性;利用FIRE软件对燃烧过程进行模拟,找出了喷油油线在涡流室内位置及燃烧室容积比的最佳范围。柴油机优化后整机初次试验气体比排放低于国家第三阶段排放限值,CO和HC+NOX分别较原机下降了72.8%和21.3%(八工况循环),标定工况烟度由原机4.5下降到1.2 BSU,有效燃油消耗率较原机下降了约16.1%。该研究工作为小型涡流室柴油机性能提高和节能减排提供了参考。     

基于微观特性分析风积沙粉体掺入提高混凝土的抗冻性

为研究冻融-盐浸环境下风积沙粉体混凝土的微观特性,设计了强度等级为C35、C25的风积沙粉体混凝土,在浓度为0%、3%、6%硫酸镁溶液中采用快冻法进行抗冻性试验,同时借助核磁共振技术、场发射扫描电镜及能谱分析研究其孔隙特征、微观形貌及水化产物。结果表明,风积沙粉体的掺入显著提高混凝土的抗冻性,且适当提高强度等级,有利于提高风积沙粉体混凝土抗冻性,其中强度等级为C35的风积沙粉体混凝土在6%MgSO_4溶液中可承受高达425次冻融循环;相对于基准组,风积沙粉体混凝土中有发育状况良好的针柱状产物钙矾石、纤维状产物石膏生成,填充因冻胀应力作用产生的裂隙,使其内部有害及多害孔数量低于普通混凝土29.78%,抗冻性增强。     

柴油机应用不同配比生物柴油的经济性和排放特性

生物柴油经济性能和排放特性的试验对研究生物柴油的适用性具有重要意义。该文采用柴油机台架试验,测量了4种不同配比的生物柴油混合燃料的经济性和排放特性。试验结果表明：在不作任何调整的情况下,生物柴油及与石化柴油的混合燃料可以直接应用于柴油机,随着生物柴油掺混比例的增加,柴油机的烟度、碳氢化合物HC和一氧化碳CO有较大幅度的下降,改善了柴油机的排放特性。采用生物柴油掺混比例为10%或20%时,可在柴油机经济性能改变较小情况下,改变柴油机的排放状态并减少污染物排放。