水稻植株通气系统与稻田CH4排放相关性研究

水稻植株是稻田甲烷(CH₄)排放的重要通道,90%的CH₄气体由水稻植株通气组织排放到大气中。探讨水稻植株通气组织与水稻CH4排放量之间的相关性,可为水稻栽培和育种实践中减排CH₄提供理论和实践依据。2005年早、晚2季大田试验测定了16个水稻品种CH₄排放量和植株地上部各节间组织1     

关于玉米脂肪酸值变化规律及其市场需求等有关情况的调研报告

对玉米生产、收购、储存、销售等各个环节的玉米脂肪酸值情况进行了跟踪调研,结果表明:玉米收购入库前脂肪酸值呈逐年上升趋势,机械烘干明显促进玉米脂肪酸值的提高,采购合适粮源难度大;在正常储存年限内将玉米脂肪酸值控制在宜存范围内难度相当大,管理成本大大增加,轮换周期缩短增加了轮换成本;库存玉米主要用作饲料工业和发酵工业的原料,储存2年左右玉米脂肪酸值通常在60 mgKOH/100 g～65 mgKOH/100 g左右,完全能满足市场需求.建议将宜存指标定为脂肪酸值不超过60mg/100g,但广东、福建、广西、海南四个高温高湿地区宜存指标按不超过65 mgKOH/100 g判定.     

黑土区调亏灌溉条件下大豆耗水规律试验研究

针对黑土区存在的降雨量时空分布不均,水资源短缺,作物水分利用效率较低的实际问题。2013年在黑龙江省北安农垦分局红星农场进行了盆栽试验,研究了调亏灌溉条件下的大豆耗水规律。结果表明大豆各生育阶段耗水量按结荚-鼓粒、开花-结荚、鼓粒-成熟、分枝-开花、出苗-分枝、播种-出苗阶段依次递减;产量、水分利用效率与耗水量之间均呈二次抛物线关系。耗水量为62.5kg/盆时,水分利用效率先出现最大值,耗水量达84.76kg/盆时,产量(52.9g/盆)最高,最高值出现时间较水分利用效率偏后。在试验的基础上,建立了基于Jensen模型的黑土区大豆水分生产函数。研究结果可为黑土区大豆节水灌溉管理提供一定的理论依据。     

狗尾草压缩特性试验研究

目前国内的压捆机生产出的草产品密度还比较低,向高密度发展是一个必然的发展趋势。为此,通过对狗尾草的高密度压缩试验,研究其压缩过程的基本规律,获得了体积模量与压缩密度、压力与压缩密度及压缩密度与压缩量之间的变化规律,旨在为压缩设备及压缩工艺的优化提供理论依据。     

葡萄微灌节水技术研究综述

随着中国水资源供需矛盾的日益尖锐和水资源环境日趋严峻,水资源危机已成为影响经济发展的核心问题之一。微灌作为节水效果最好的灌溉技术之一受到社会关注。在分析和研究了葡萄采用微灌节水技术的大量国内外有关文献的基础上,针对葡萄的生理性状、需水规律、耗水特征及灌溉制度等,对微灌技术在葡萄园中应用的研究现状和进展进行了归纳总结,进...     

U形渠道流速分布特性分析与试验

依据室内试验和田间实测资料,分析了U形渠道水流流速分布特性,建立了U形渠道水流横向流速分布指数律、垂向流速分布双幂律,给出了相关参数的确定方法,并提出了基于U形渠道水流分布规律的明渠测流计算断面中线“三点法”.实测资料验证表明:中线“三点法”在室内不同工况计算流量相对误差均在±4％范围内;除个别测点外,现场实测计算流量相对误差也在±5％范围内,说明中线“三点法”计算精确.与流速-面积法需9个测点相比,中线“三点法”节省了60％以上的测流工作量.     

Oxidation of methane in the rhizosphere of rice plants

Oxidation of CH₄ in the rhizosphere of rice plants was quantified using (1) methyl fluoride, a specific inhibitor of CH₄ oxidation, and (2) measuring changes in plant-mediated CH₄ emission after incubation under air, N₂, or 40% O₂. No significant rhizospheric CH₄ oxidation was observed from rice plants in the ripening stage. CH₄ emission from rice plants 1 week before panicle initiation increased by 40% if CH₄ oxidation in the rhizosphere was blocked. The growth stage of the rice plant is an important factor determining the rhizospheric CH₄ oxidation. Fluctuation of rhizospheric CH₄ oxidation during the growing season may help to explain the observed seasonal CH₄ emission patterns in field studies. Measurements from four rice varieties showed that one variety, Pokkali, had higher rhizospheric CH₄ oxidation. This was probably because Pokkali was in an earlier growth stage than the other three varieties. Both in the early and in the late growth stages, incubation under N₂ caused a much stronger CH₄ flux than inhibition of CH₄ oxidation alone. Apparently, N₂ incubation not only blocked CH₄ oxidation but also stimulated methanogenesis in the rhizosphere. Incubation under a higher O₂ atmosphere (40% O₂) than ambient air decreased the CH₄ flux, suggesting that increasing the oxidation of the rice rhizosphere may help in reducing CH₄ fluxes from rice agriculture. The O₂ pressure in the rhizosphere is an important factor that reduces the plant-mediated CH₄ flux. However, inhibition of methanogenesis in the rhizosphere may contribute more to CH₄ flux reduction than rhizospheric CH₄ oxidation.     

Methane emission from two Indian soils planted with different rice cultivars

In a greenhouse study, methane emissions were measured from two diverse Indian rice-growing soils planted to five rice cultivars under similar water regimes, fertilizer applications and environmental conditions. Significant variations were observed in methane emitted from soils growing different cultivars. Total methane emission varied between 8.04 and 20.92gm^–2 from IARI soil (Inceptisol) and between 1.47 and 10.91gm^–2 from Raipur soil (Vertisol) planted to rice. In all the cultivars, emissions from IARI soil were higher than from Raipur soil. The first methane flux peak was noticed during the reproductive phase and the second peak coincided with the grain-ripening stage of the rice cultivars. Received: July 7, 1996     

治理与开发结合 大力发展小流域经济

治理与开发结合大力发展小流域经济冯长海，陈继昭（河南省水利厅，郑州４５６００３）水土保持是除害兴利的公益性事业，是治理江河、整治国土、防治水土流失的根本措施，具有全方位、多功能的效应。近１０年来，河南省开展综合治理的小流域已达８００多条，初步治理水土...     

浅谈推算和预测宏观尺度土壤N_2O释放量的方法

土壤是N2 O的最主要释放源 .本文综述了根据局部地区土壤N2 O释放观察结果 ,推算和预测宏观尺度土壤甚至全球土壤N2 O释放通量变化和年释放量的方法 ,评述了各类方法的优缺点 ;并着重讨论了释放过程机理模型的应用 .