冷藏处理对烟蚜茧蜂羽化率及寿命的影响

该研究是为了弄清不同温度、不同僵化天数以及冷藏时间对烟蚜茧蜂羽化率及寿命的影响.目的在于找出烟蚜茧蜂最适冷藏条件.实验在不同温度(2,3,4,5,6℃)下冷藏不同僵化程度(僵化1,2,3,4,5d)的烟蚜茧蜂僵蚜5,15,25d.结果显示:随冷藏时间的延长烟蚜茧蜂的羽化率逐渐降低.僵化3d的僵蚜更耐冷藏,5℃较适合烟蚜茧蜂低温冷藏.6℃时有部分虫体在冷藏过程中羽化.冷藏期为5,15,25d时,最长可分别存活9.43～9.92,7.97～8.45和5.08～5.85d.结果表明:烟蚜茧蜂最适宜在僵化3d时,于5℃冷藏.     

持续低温阴雨寡照天气对甘蔗出苗的影响及控制对策

对广西上思县长时间低温阴雨寡照天气对甘蔗出苗的影响进行了调查与分析。结果表明,由于长时间低温阴雨寡照天气的严重影响,造成2011年上思县甘蔗出苗迟、出苗少、苗势弱,甚至烂芽烂种,若及时采取补救措施和加强前期管理工作,可有效降低受灾率并可挽回经济损失。     

不同土壤水分条件下硅对坪用高羊茅种子出苗及生物学特性的影响

水肥耦合不仅可以维持草坪草的正常生长,而且可以减少一定的灌溉量。采用盆栽试验研究了不同土壤条件下硅对坪用高羊茅种子出苗及生长的影响。结果表明,不添加硅时,高羊茅种子适宜出苗时的土壤含水量应为饱和含水量的４５％～６０％,植株生长适宜的土壤含水量应为饱和含水量的７５％以上;当土壤含水量大于或等于饱和含水量的６０％时,添加硅不仅能够提前坪用高羊茅种子的初始出苗时间,缩短集中出苗时期,提高出苗率,而且能够显著促进高羊茅的株高和叶长生长,增加地上和地下生物量（P＜０．０５）,而当土壤含水量小于或者等于饱和含水量的４５％时,添加硅对高羊茅种子出苗和生长发育没有明显影响,说明添加硅对坪用高羊茅生长的有益作用受土壤含水量的约束;土壤含水量为饱和含水量的６０％时,添加硅处理中植株的分蘖数、株高、叶长和生物量与对照处理中土壤含水量为饱和含水量的７５％时植株的分蘖数、株高、叶长和生物量差异不显著,说明添加硅能降低高羊茅植株正常生长所需的土壤含水量,有利于节约灌溉量。     

黑腹胃蝇三龄幼虫形态学和成虫行为方式研究

2008―2010年,对寄生于新疆卡拉麦里与普氏野马同域生活的家马体内的黑腹胃蝇(Gasterophilus pecorum)进行了实验室培养和野外行为观察。将收集到的920只3龄幼虫进行室内培养,结果成功化蛹35个(3.80%),化蛹期为13～27 d,巅峰期为18～20 d(42.86%);17个(48.57%)个体羽化,羽化期为15～27 d,巅峰期为21～22 d(22.86%)。在这些羽化的成蝇当中雄性占11.76%,雌性占88.24%,雄雌比为0.13;其存活期为2～8 d,较大存活率发生在第4-6天(58.82%)。3龄幼虫体长（13.2±7.0） mm,体宽（5.1±4.0） mm,体质量（241±30） mg。相关性分析表明,幼虫的体长、体宽和体质量与成蝇的性别无相关性。交尾行为没有在野外或者靠近的马体的周围环境中发现,羽化初期有梳理和寻求寄主行为。黑腹胃蝇的卵在马的体表和植物茎叶上也均未发现。     

Vermicompost leachate improves seedling emergence and vigour of aged seeds of commercially grown Eucalyptus species

Vermicompost leachate (VCL) is a liquid generated by earthworms and microorganisms during the conversion of organic matter into vermicompost. Vermicompost leachate is rich in nutrients and believed to contain both known and unknown plant growth substances, which are beneficial to plants. Four-year-old seeds (artificially aged) of Eucalyptus dunnii, E. nitens and E. smithii were subjected to VCL at different concentrations. In comparison to the control, the percentage of emerged seedlings of all three species improved significantly (p < 0.05) by more than two to three times when treated with VCL. Treated seedlings showed better growth performance than untreated ones at both first and second harvest, 75 and 150 d after sowing, respectively. Eucalyptus dunnii achieved the highest seedling vigour index (SVI) at the lowest VCL concentrations of 1:5. In contrast, the SVI of E. nitens was maximum at the highest concentrations of VCL (1:20). The best SVI of E. smithii was obtained at VCL concentrations of 1:10. These results suggest that the influence of VCL on SVI of the eucalypt species tested was concentration-dependent. The absolute seedling vigour rate per day was also improved with all the tested concentrations of VCL, with some exceptions for E. dunnii seedlings. The order of response to VCL by the species can be summarised as E. smithii > E. nitens > E. dunnii. The results of this study suggest that VCL can be used to supplement chemical fertilisers. The liquid nature of VCL should be convenient for application both under nursery and field conditions. However, trials under field conditions are required.     

Weed Seed Bank Dynamics

Summary

Weeds continue to have major impacts on crop production in spite of efforts to eliminate them. Most weed species rely on seed for regeneration and persistence. The species composition and density of weed seed in the soil vary greatly and are closely linked to the cropping history of the land. Altering tillage practices changes patterns of soil disturbance and weed seed depth in the soil, which plays a role in weed species shifts. Crop rotation and weed control practices also impact the weed seed bank in the soil. Information on the weed seed bank should be a useful tool for integrated weed management. Decision aid models are being developed that use information on the composition of the weed seed bank to estimate weed populations, crop yield loss, and to recommend weed control tactics. Understanding weed seed bank dynamics can also be used to guide management practices. Improving and applying our understanding of weed seed and seed bank dynamics is essential to developing improved weed management systems.     

基于无人机的水肥一体化玉米出苗率估算方法与试验

出苗率是西北地区春播玉米夺得高产的前提保障。针对宁夏大面积玉米种植过程中人工统计出苗状况工程量大、耗时费力、误查漏数等现象。本文设计不同氮素处理试验,运用无人机搭载数码相机获取玉米苗期高清图像,运用MATLAB软件中ORB算法与距离加权融合算法合成无人机图像,通过二值化、腐蚀膨胀等深度优化处理技术得出玉米苗期图像轮廓,然后运用MATLAB软件八位连通域和ARCMAP 10.3计算方法自动规划路线并计算出玉米的出苗数量。结合田间人工调查数据,采用线性回归分析方法,建立了人工计数和无人机获取玉米出苗株数之间的线性关系模型。结果表明,线性回归关系模型的决定系数、均方根误差和标准均方根误差分别为0.895、4.359和2.436%。因此,基于低空无人机平台快速获取大田玉米出苗株数,是一种省时省力、高效精准的出苗率获取方法。可为后续玉米高产的准确评估提供技术支持,对于优化宁夏玉米滴灌水肥一体化精准种植技术具有积极意义。     

Temperature-dependent development of Ascotis selenaria (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) and its stage emergence models with field validation

Temperature-dependent development of Ascotis selenaria (Denis et Schiffermüller) was studied in the laboratory. Time to egg eclosion decreased with increasing temperature and ranged from 17.4 d at 16 °C to 5.0 d at 30 and 32 °C. Total development times of larvae decreased from 54.7 d at 16 °C to 17.3 d at 32 °C. The development time of pupae ranged from 29.7 days at 16 °C to 10.2 days at 30 and 32 °C. Eggs, larvae and pupae did not develop successfully to the next stage at 12 and 35 °C. The estimated lower temperature thresholds were 10.4, 9.3, and 9.8 °C for eggs, larvae, and pupae, respectively. Thermal constants of egg, larvae, and pupae were 88.5, 370.4, and 188.7 DD, respectively. Stage emergence models for eggs, larvae, and pupae of A. selenaria were constructed by using the development rate model (Lactin 2 function) and development distribution model (three-parameter Weibull function), which simulate the proportion of individuals shifted from one stage to the next. Pearson's correlation coefficients between actual observations in the field and model outputs were statistically significant with 0.99, 0.68 to 0.87 and 0.96 to 0.98 for egg, larval and pupal stage emergence model, respectively. The egg stage emergence model could be used to facilitate spraying time as it successfully predicted the first instar larval population. Predictability of the pupal stage emergence model was greatly improved when the physiological age of overwintering pupae was assumed to be in various state. The stage emergence models developed here should be useful to construct an A. selenaria population model.     

不同生境下柠条种子出苗及幼苗生长特征

为了揭示柠条种群实生更新的机制及其影响因素,在宁夏白芨滩自然保护区的人工柠条灌丛群落,设置不同的灌丛(柠条灌丛、沙蒿灌丛和裸露沙地)基部生境、不同坡位(底部、中部和顶部)的沙丘生境和柠条灌丛植株基部不同距离(0.5,1.5m和丛间沙地)生境,研究了柠条种子在不同生境下的出苗和幼苗生长特征。结果表明,1)不同生境(柠条灌丛、沙蒿灌丛和裸露沙地)和沙埋处理对柠条种子出苗率和留存率均具有显著影响(P0.05);在沙蒿灌丛,沙埋种子的早期出苗率显著高于地表种子(P0.05),且显著高于裸露沙地和柠条灌丛的沙埋种子(P0.05);种子的出苗率在沙蒿灌丛的沙埋处理最高,但不同生境间、沙埋和非沙埋种子间的差异均未达到显著水平。2)沙丘底部的种子出苗率显著大于沙丘顶部(P0.01),试验结束时约为沙丘顶部的20倍;各时期出苗率均在距柠条灌丛基部1.5m处最大,灌丛间沙地最小,沙丘不同部位生境的出苗率均在7月18日最高,整个试验期间的出苗率和出苗速率在不同生境间均无显著差异。3)幼苗株高、基径、主根长、根茎比和总干质量均在沙丘底部最大,而根冠比在沙丘顶部最大;距灌丛基部0.5m处幼苗的株高显著大于1.5m处幼苗(P0.05),幼苗主根长、根茎比和根冠比均随距灌丛距离的增大而增大,而总干质量随灌丛距离的增大而减小。     

生根粉提高仙客来种子活力的初步研究

采用不同剂号,不同浓度的新剂型ＡＢＴ生根粉浸泡处理仙客来种子,测定了种子发芽率,发芽速率,发芽指数,活力指数,干鲜比等种子活力指标和电导率,可溶性糖含量等部分生理生化指标,并结合仙客来育苗生产调查出了苗率。