大豆钟子贮藏期间活力变化规律及PEG处理效应

在正规的仓贮条件下,经不同年限贮藏的大豆种子的发芽率、发芽指数、活力指数、萌动过程中酸性磷酸酯酶活性和ATP水平下降,与种子活力呈正相关;电导率和丙二醛含量有所升高,与种子活力呈负相关。证明膜及线粒体等发生了生理上的改变,最终表现为田间出苗率及整齐度降低。隔年贮藏的大豆种子田间出苗率与新种子的差异达到极显著。隔年贮藏的大豆种子用浓度为20％的PEG水溶液在15℃条件下处理48小时,活力明显提高,表现为发芽率、发芽指数、活力指数、酸性磷酸醋酶活性、ATF水平提高,电导率下降:田间出苗率显著增加,后者与隔一年后收获的种子无明显差异。     

湿润直播稻田杂草出苗动态与发生规律

 1996～1997年在浙江嘉兴调查了湿润直播稻田杂草出苗动态和发生规律,并比较了直播与移栽,早稻、单季晚稻与连作晚稻直播,翻耕与免耕直播间杂草发生差异。湿润直播稻田杂草以稗草、千金子、异型莎草、节节菜、陌上菜为主,其次有通泉草、丁香蓼、水芹。禾本科、莎草科和阔叶杂草种类数分别占25.0%、18.8%和56.2%,出苗数量分别占11.2%、11.6%和77.2%。单季晚稻直播田稗草、千金子发生重于其他直播田,直播田稗草和千金子数量明显高于移栽田。直播田杂草于播种后3～4 d陆续出苗,1～3周达到高峰。连作晚稻直播田播后6～8周出现明显的第二个出苗高峰。以阔叶杂草为绝对优势的翻耕直播田杂草发生重于免耕田。直播田杂草数量自然消长呈现与出苗动态相同的趋势。直播田杂草发生以稗草、千金子、丁香蓼较早,节节菜、陌上菜、通泉草次之,异型莎草和水芹较迟。稗草、千金子及其他几种主要杂草出苗高峰均呈单峰状态,而节节菜、陌上菜在连作晚稻直播田的出苗则为双峰。     

玉米穗轴、叶鞘色泽与单倍体自交结实及出苗能力研究

以白轴绿叶鞘自交系B20为母本、以红轴紫叶鞘DH系D752为父本组配的F₁,进行单倍体诱导、自然加倍和DH系鉴定试验。通过卡方检测数据分析和DH群体遗传模型及混合分布方法分析,验证红轴、紫叶鞘单倍体自交结实优势。结果表明,红轴单倍体自交结实穗数量和出苗DH系数量极显著多于白轴,不符合1∶1比例;紫叶鞘DH系数量与绿叶鞘数量比符合1∶1比例,但紫叶鞘DH系占出苗总数比绿叶鞘高11.7%;红轴、白轴单倍体自交结实穗粒数最适模型均为4MG-AI,红轴4对主基因加、上效应估计值均高于白轴,白轴单倍体自交结实穗粒数遗传力比红轴高5.02%。玉米单倍体红轴和紫色叶鞘性状具有结实性优势。同时发现,玉米白轴单倍体个体穗结实力和绿色叶鞘单倍体出苗力显著高于紫色叶鞘单倍体。     

红松人工纯林3种梢斑螟成虫种群动态分析

【目的】梢斑螟是黑龙江省红松人工林的主要果梢害虫,研究了其成虫种群动态及未来种群变化趋势,为种群预测以及防治提供科学理论依据。【方法】在梢斑螟成虫发生期6月下旬—8月初,每天夜间19:00—23:00在红松林缘利用灯光诱捕梢斑螟成虫,结合幼虫鉴定种类,分析其种群动态。【结果】1)在牡丹江林口林业局的湖水、曙光和西北楞3个地点,诱捕到的种类均为赤松梢斑螟Dioryctria sylvestrella、冷杉梢斑螟D.abietella和微红梢斑螟D.rubella。2)在湖水,梢斑螟的种群数量最多,平均每天诱捕111.38头;西北楞其次,平均每天诱捕79.625头;曙光最少,平均每天诱捕69.63头。微红梢斑螟在3个地点均是优势种。3)在整个诱捕期间,冷杉梢斑螟和赤松梢斑螟成虫期为6月上旬—7月下旬,高峰期为6月下旬;微红梢斑螟成虫期为6月上旬—8月下旬,高峰期为6月下旬和7月中旬。4)3种梢斑螟都是在21:00—22:00诱捕的数量最多。5)3种梢斑螟的雌雄性比随着季节的推移波动较大,由开始的小于1,到接近于1,最终大于1,但总的性比接近1:1。【结论】梢斑螟的种群动态随时间和小生境的不同变化明显,6月下旬和7月中旬是其羽化高峰期,21:00—22:00是其最活跃时间。因此,对其防治应适时适地采取有效措施。     

覆盖对粘重土壤中苜蓿出苗的影响

紧实土壤降雨后常由于板结而严重影响作物出苗，导致建植不良乃至失败本实验采用遮阳膜覆盖、麦秸覆盖、不覆盖、土壤稳定剂４个表面处理和快速干燥、缓慢干燥２个干燥速度处理，研究芷蓉播后模拟降水条件一出苗情况，不同的覆盖及土壤处理条件下芷蓿出苗具有显著的处理效应，处理效应主要在出苗早期形成，遮阳膜覆盖比其他出苗显著要高；干燥速度地芷蓿出苗无影响。土壤剂和麦秸对苜蓿出苗的影响需要进一步的研究。     

Light, temperature and burial depth effects on Rumex obtusifolius seed germination and emergence

Trials were carried out to investigate the effects of light and temperature on germination of Rumex obtusifolius L. After several months of storage, seeds gradually lost dormancy and became photosensitive. Thermal optima for germination were between 20 °C and 25 °C in light or in darkness. At lower temperatures there was a greater demand for light, so that the greatest differences in germination percentage (between low and high temperatures) were found within the 10–15 °C temperature range. The calculated thermal minima ( x -intercept method) in light and darkness were 8.3 °C and 6.1 °C respectively. Daily temperature fluctuation increased germination even after seed irradiation with far-red light, suggesting a lower demand for the far-red-absorbing form of phytochrome. Seed burial inhibited germination in proportion to depth; however, germination inhibition was independent of seed phytochrome photo-equilibrium, which had been diversified by seed pretreatment with light. Seedlings did not emerge when seeds were buried >8 cm deep. Recovery of ungerminated seeds showed that excessive burial did not impede seedling emergence but rather prevented seed germination. However, this induction of dormancy was lost once germination processes were activated (24–48 h at 20 °C) that made germination irreversible. Temperature was also involved in inhibition, and low temperature (<15 °C) induced the least inhibition. This is discussed in terms of processes of respiration and fermentation in buried seeds.     

A viability study of Fallopia japonica stem tissue

Vegetative regeneration of intact and split nodes of Fallopia japonica (Houtt.) Ronse Decraene was the focus of this greenhouse experiment. Stem material, collected in May, July and September 1997, was cut into 40-mm-long sections and incubated on the surface of moist compost in a greenhouse. All samples showed some regrowth of buds and new shoots from both intact and split nodes in any season. A maximum number of 0.25 buds per intact node was recorded after 6 days in a spring experiment. The vegetative regrowth of shoots generally appeared after 1 week and increased over time with a maximum mean height of 77 mm after 27 days and a maximum number of 0.39 shoots per intact node after 13 days. Adventitious roots developed from both intact and split nodes during both summer and autumn experiments. From this study, a maximum of 90 stem tissue propagules per square metre of F. japonica stand has been estimated. If the plant is cut as part of a control programme, these propagules can produce shoots with growth rates of up to 2.9 mm per day with a good chance of the development of adventitious roots. This considerable potential for vegetative regeneration of stem tissue shows a clear need for guidelines on the safe management and disposal of F. japonica plant material.     

Potential of weed seedbanks for managing weeds: a review of recent New Zealand research

Weed seedbanks are the primary source of weeds in cultivated soils. Some knowledge of the weed seedbank may therefore be appropriate for integrated weed management programs. It would also be very useful in planning herbicide programs and reducing the total herbicide use. However, a number of problems are inherent in the estimation of the seedbank size for arable weeds that usually have annual life cycles. In a long-term research project we have investigated the dynamics of weed seedbanks in corn fields for the past 8 years. Specific studies have included (i) developing cheap and efficient methods for estimating the weed seedbank; (ii) developing guidelines for efficient soil sampling (including the number and size of samples); (iii) influence of cultivation methods on weed seed distribution; (iv) mapping the spatial variability of the seedbank; (v) estimating the rate of seedbank decline for certain weed species; and (vi) assessing the potential of using the weed seed content in the soil to predict future weed problems. This paper reviews and summarizes the results of our research on the above aspects. The strong correlation between seedlings emerged in the greenhouse and seeds extracted in the laboratory for the most abundant weed species has demonstrated the potential for using the weed seed content of the soil to predict future weed infestations. The next step is to establish correlations with field emergence under commercial conditions using the sampling guidelines developed in our studies. Subsequently, we aim to offer the weed seedbank estimation as a commercial service to farmers for planning the most appropriate weed management options.     

Cohort-dependent seedling recruitment, survival and reproductive capacity of Tribulus terrestris

Knowledge of the population biology of the summer annual Tribulus terrestris can provide valuable information for managing the risk of its colonising crop fields. Because of spring‐summer crop management practices, fields can exhibit bare ground in late April and early May. In this situation, four cohorts in 2000 and three cohorts in 2001 were censused and monitored throughout the vegetative and reproductive season, in order to evaluate the relationship between time of emergence, survival, vegetative growth and plant reproductive capacities. To a great extent, seedling survivorship depended on emergence timing; the earlier the emergence of the seedlings, the higher was the proportion of survivorship (64% and 4%, for early and late emergences). The time of emergence also influenced plant development; in both years, surviving individuals of the first cohorts presented significantly greater plant biomass and larger numbers of reproductive structures (60.5 fruits per plant) than those of later cohorts (0.8 fruits per plant). Reproductive meristem allocation was also highest in the earliest cohorts. Results showed that T. terrestris can increase its population size in fields if gaps of bare soil surface are available from mid spring to early summer.     

Salinity and Temperature Effects on Seed Germination of Milk Thistle

Abstract

Milk thistle [Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn] is an annual plant belonging to the Asteraceae family whose ripe seeds contain flavonoid substances, which are important in the modern pharmaceutical industry. Seed germination is a major factor limiting the establishment of plants under saline conditions. The effect of salinity and temperatures on germination and seedling establishment was studied in two genotypes of milk thistle, an Iranian wild type and German (Royston) type in the laboratory and in the field. Experiments were done with seven salt concentrations [0.1 (control), 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, and 15 dS/m] and three temperatures (15, 25, and 35°C). There were three replications for each treatment, and the experiment was run three times. The results showed that the percentage of germination and the number of normal seedlings at different salt treatment at 15°C were higher than at 25 or 35°C. The mean time to 50% germination was least at this temperature for both genotypes. Results suggested all germination indices and seedling emergence (50%) were achieved at levels up to 9 dS/m salinity at 15°C. Also, seeds at a salinity of 9–15 dS/m will germinate and up to 25% of the control nonstress treatment could emerge at the low temperature of 15°C.