Reducing tillage intensity affects the cumulative emergence dynamics of annual grass weeds in winter cereals

Annual grass weeds such as Apera spica‐venti and Vulpia myuros are promoted in non‐inversion tillage systems and winter cereal‐based crop rotations. Unsatisfactory weed control in these conditions is often associated with a poor understanding of the emergence pattern of these weed species. The aim of this study was to investigate, understand and model the cumulative emergence patterns of A. spica‐venti, V. myuros and Poa annua in winter cereals grown in three primary tillage regimes: (i) mouldboard ploughing, (ii) pre‐sowing tine cultivation to 8–10 cm soil depth and (iii) direct drilling. Direct drilling delayed the cumulative emergence of A. spica‐venti and V. myuros (counted together) in contrast with ploughing, while the emergence pattern of P. annua was unaffected by the type of tillage system. The total density of emerged weed seedlings varied between the tillage systems and years with a higher total emergence seen under direct drilling, followed by pre‐sowing tine cultivation and ploughing. The emergence patterns of all species were differently influenced by the tillage systems, suggesting that under direct drilling, in which these species occur simultaneously, management interventions should first and foremost consider that A. spica‐venti and V. myuros emerge over a longer period to avoid control failures.     

Juvenile hormone delays the initiation of rectal sac distention by disrupting ecdysteroid action in the silkworm, Bombyx mori

Holometabolous insects develop without feeding and excreting during the pupal period and thus require repository organs for metabolic waste, or meconium. The rectal sac is an organ for storing meconium during pupal-adult development of holometabolous insects. Although the rectal sac has an essential function, hormonal and developmental regulation of waste-accumulation and the consequences of rectal sac distention are still unknown. In the silkworm, Bombyx mori, the rectal sac distends with meconium in the middle pupal period under the regulation of ecdysteroid. Here, we show that juvenile hormone analog (JHA) delayed rectal sac distention and disturbed adult emergence. Distention was not restored completely by an injection of 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) into pupae applied with JHA, suggesting that JHA suppresses 20E action and delays the timing of ecdysteroid elevation. Thus the “status quo” action of JHA may function in two different ways during pupal-adult development.     

煤灰＋酒精浓缩液在甘蔗生产应用上的试验效果

2009年在贵糖（集团）股份公司金沙甘蔗试验场进行施用煤灰＋酒精浓缩液不同施用方式和不同使用量试验。试验设摆好蔗种后先盖煤灰＋酒精浓缩液后盖土（A处理）和摆好蔗种后先盖土后盖煤灰＋酒精浓缩液（B处理）两种不同施用方式;以每公顷施用量15t、30t、45t、60t和75t五种不同使用量处理,以种植时不施煤灰＋酒精浓缩液处理为对照。结果表明,在甘蔗种植时采用摆好蔗种后先盖一层土每公顷再施放15吨煤灰＋酒精浓缩液（B1）的产量最高,达每公顷90.68t,比对照增产29.01t/hm2,增产幅度达到47.0%,产生的经济效益也最好。     

Germination,emergence, and persistence of Sonchus oleraceus,a major crop weed in subtropical Australia

Sonchus oleraceus (common sowthistle) is a dominant weed and has increased in prevalence in conservation cropping systems of the subtropical grain region of Australia. Four experiments were undertaken to define the environmental factors that favor its germination, emergence, and seed persistence. Seeds were germinated at constant temperatures between 5 and 35°C and water potentials between 0 and ?1.4 MPa. The maximum germination rate of 86–100% occurred at 0 and ?0.2 MPa, irrespective of the temperature when exposed to light (12 h photoperiod light/dark), but the germination rate was reduced by 72% without light. At water potentials of ?0.6 to ?0.8 MPa, the germination rate was reduced substantially by higher temperatures; no seed germinated at a water potential >?1.0 MPa. Emergence and seed persistence were measured over 30 months following seed burial at 0 (surface), 1, 2, 5, and 10 cm depths in large pots that were buried in a south‐eastern Queensland field. Seedlings emerged readily from the surface and 1 cm depth, with no emergence from below the 2 cm depth. The seedlings emerged during any season following rain but, predominantly, within 6 months of planting. Seed persistence was short‐term on the soil surface, with 2% of seeds remaining after 6 months, but it increased with the burial depth, with 12% remaining after 30 months at 10 cm. Thus, a minimal seed burial depth with reduced tillage and increased surface soil water with stubble retention has favored the proliferation of this weed in any season in a subtropical environment. However, diligent management without seed replenishment will greatly reduce this weed problem within a short period.     

The emergence of parvoviruses of carnivores

The emergence of canine parvovirus (CPV) represents a well-documented example highlighting the emergence of a new virus through cross-species transmission. CPV emerged in the mid-1970s as a new pathogen of dogs and has since become endemic in the global dog population. Despite widespread vaccination, CPV has remained a widespread disease of dogs, and new genetic and antigenic variants have arisen and sometimes reached high frequency in certain geographic regions or throughout the world. Here we review our understanding of this emergence event and contrast it to what is known about the emergence of a disease in mink caused by mink enteritis virus (MEV). In addition, we summarize the evolution of CPV over the past 30 years in the global dog population, and describe the epidemiology of contemporary parvovirus infections of dogs and cats. CPV represents a valuable model for understanding disease emergence through cross-species transmission, while MEV provides an interesting comparison.     

家系、种子产生部位和土层深度对黄帚橐吾种子萌发出苗的影响

黄帚橐吾(Ligularia virgaurea)是青藏高原高寒草甸一种典型的毒杂草。本研究主要分析了无光照条件下温度对黄帚橐吾种子萌发的影响,家系、种子产生部位和土层深度对黄帚橐吾种子出苗的影响。结果表明:温度对黄帚橐吾种子萌发率有显著的影响,随着温度升高萌发率下降,变温18/28℃下黄帚橐吾种子萌发率为87.33%,5/15℃下黄帚橐吾种子萌发率最高,达95.33%。土层深度对黄帚橐吾种子出苗率有显著的影响,土层越深,出苗率越低。土层深度为0 cm时,出苗率最高,达61.66%;土层深度为3 cm时,出苗率锐减;土层深度5 cm时,出苗率为0。家系和种子产生部位对黄帚橐吾种子大小、出苗率均有显著的影响。     

土壤湿度对杨小舟蛾蛹羽化及存活的影响研究

杨小舟蛾是一种为害杨树叶部的主要害虫,为有效控制杨小舟蛾存活密度,降低虫口基数,进行了野外林地及室内土壤湿度对杨小舟蛾蛹羽化及存活的影响研究。结果表明:土壤湿度对杨小舟蛾蛹羽化和存活有显著影响。土壤湿度越大,杨小舟蛾蛹羽化和存活率越低,相反,土壤湿度越小,杨小舟蛾蛹羽化和存活率越高。     

高巧种衣剂包衣对棉种发芽及棉蚜防治效果的影响

利用高巧60%悬浮种衣剂对种子进行包衣,研究了高巧包衣对棉种出苗以及棉蚜防治效果的影响。结果表明:高巧60%悬浮种衣剂包衣对棉种出苗无明显影响,对防治棉花春蚜有较好效果和较长的特效期。     

可可广翅蜡蝉的行为节律观察

为进一步做好可可广翅蜡蝉的预测预报及防治工作,采用室内饲养观察的方法对其羽化、交配、产卵的行为及节律进行研究,并对其田间产卵特征进行调查。结果表明:可可广翅蜡蝉成虫羽化发生在晚上和凌晨,白天未见羽化;成虫交配主要发生在白天,晚上很少交配,凌晨未见;成虫全天均可产卵,高峰期集中在上午与凌晨;田间主要将卵产在茎粗为1.5mm左右的嫩茎上,产卵深度约0.9mm,产卵刻痕主要集中在距顶梢3cm范围,平均每刻痕卵量约为11粒。     

利用观赏植物物候预测草坪杂草发生

杂草影响草坪美观,还会使草坪丧失功能,防治杂草的关键是要掌握杂草的发生时间,但由于草坪杂草植株矮小,生育期短导致其不易辨认及观察。本研究以探究常见观赏植物物候与杂草爆发之间的对应关系为前提,自2012年11月至2014年4月间,采用样线样方结合的方法调查了广州地区草坪杂草发生情况,以及常见观赏植物的物候特点。结果显示:样地中,杂草群落具有类似的分布模式,以多年生杂草为主,一年生杂草次之,二年生杂草最少;与草坪草具有相似生活型或具有类似的生物学特性的杂草,容易在环境选择过程中被保留下来,成为主要杂草;夏季是杂草爆发的高峰时期。木棉(Bombax malabaricum)初花期可以预测白花蛇舌草的(Hedyotis diffusa)爆发;猫尾木(Dolichandrone cauda-felina)初花期可以预测红花酢浆草(Oxalis corymbosa)、黄花酢浆草(Oxalis pes-caprae)、黄鹌菜(Youngia japonica)爆发;杜英(Elaeocarpus decipiens)盛花期、葱兰(Pouzolzia zeylanica)盛花期可以预测雾水葛(Pouzolzia zeylanica)的2个爆发期等。