Natural outcrossing rate in Vernonia galamensis

Vernonia galamensis is a potential new industrial crop growing wild in Ethiopia. The seed oil is rich in vernolic acid, an epoxy fatty acid, which is of interest for oleochemical uses. Basic information on the reproductive system of Vernonia is still very limited. The amount of natural outcrossing was estimated at two locations in Ethiopia (Alemaya and Babile) using flower colour as a marker. Single plants with white flowers, which is a monogenic recessive trait, were planted in plots with normal pink flowers and the outcrossing rate was estimated from the frequency of pink‐flowered plants in the progeny of the white‐flowered plants. Estimates of the natural outcrossing rate ranged between individual plants from 3.5 to 16% at Alemaya and 2.5 to 12% at Babile. Vernonia galamensis can be classified as a mainly self‐pollinated species.     

Effect of Timing and Nitrogen Fertilizer Application on Winter Oilseed Rape (Brassica napus L.). I. Growth Dynamics and Seed Yield

The field experiments conducted on the grey‐brown podzolic soil in the four growing seasons (1998–2001) at Krzeslice Farm, central‐western Poland comprised seven fertilization variants: 80_NF + 80_CAN; 80_CAN + 80_CAN; 80_AN + 80_AN; 80_NF + 50_CAN + 30_CN; 80_CAN + 50_CAN +30_CN; 80_AN + 50_AN + 30_CN (where NF – nitrofos NPK; CAN – calcium‐ammonium nitrate; AN – ammonium nitrate; CN – calcium nitrate) and control (without N) applied in split rates at the beginning of spring regrowth (80 kg N ha^?1), stem elongation (80 or 50) and flower buds visible stages (30). The yielding effect of tested fertilization variants was significant in comparison with the control (2.24 t ha^?1). The highest mean seed yield (3.64 t ha^?1) was collected from 80_AN + 80_AN and 80_CAN + 80_CAN variants. Mean values of 4 years indicate that the second N rate division (80 + 50 + 30) decreased yield, although not significantly in comparison with these two N treatments. Plants grown on these treatments have developed different patterns of growth to yield the seeds. These patterns were characterized by very high crop growth rate during flowering (above 21 g m^?2 day^?1) and negative at maturation (down to ?2.5 g m^?2 day^?1). Plants fertilized with ammonium nitrate (80_AN + 80_AN) reached maximum growth rate earlier (65 days), which lasted longer (20 days) than plants fertilized with calcium‐ammonium nitrate (71 days lasting 17.5 days). Plants grown on the control treatment reached the highest crop growth rate within 79 days (14.8 g m^?2 day^?1), which lasted 15 days.     

不同秸秆还田方式对北方超级稻氮素吸收利用的影响

以北方超级稻沈农265为试验材料,研究了秸秆直接还田和秸秆热解成生物炭施入对水稻氮素吸收利用的影响。结果表明:与常规生产相比,秸秆直接还田主要提高了水稻生育中期的叶、茎含氮量,但同时降低了后期穗氮素累积量,氮素回收率、生理利用率和氮肥农学利用率分别下降5.28%、11.65%和16.19%,使产量有降低趋势;少量秸秆生物炭施入有助于提高生育中后期叶、茎含氮量并促进穗氮素累积量增加,氮素回收率和氮肥农学利用率分别增加6.02%和7.71%,有增加产量的潜力;大量秸秆生物炭施入降低了叶、茎和穗含氮量,氮素回收率负向效应强度高达34.31%,但氮素生理利用率增加45.62%,不利于产量的提高。秸秆直接还田和大量秸秆生物炭施入对水稻氮素吸收有一定抑制作用且不利于产量的提升,少量秸秆生物炭施入则能提高水稻氮素利用率并增加产量。     

Effect of mannitol pretreatment to improve green plant regeneration on isolated microspore culture in Triticum turgidum ssp. durum cv. 'Jennah Khetifa'

The use of doubled haploids improves the efficiency of cultivar development in many crops and can be helpful in genetic and molecular studies. The major problem with this approach is the low efficiency of green plant regeneration. We describe here an efficient method for inducing embryos and regenerating green plants directly from isolated microspores of durum wheat cv. ‘Jennah Khetifa’. Tillers from donor plants were pretreated in 0.3 m mannitol and were stored at 4°C at various times: 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10 and 12 days. Our results showed clearly that the novel pretreatment combined mannitol 0.3 m and cold for 7 days had a strong effect on the number of embryos produced and regenerated green plants. Under this condition 13 475 mature embryos were produced from 2 693 500 microspores. Moreover, 85 green plants were obtained. High green plants regeneration frequency was recorded. As an average 11.55 green plants were produced per 100 000 microspores (about the equivalent of six plants per spike). Therefore, this study showed clearly that our results are the best ones published until now in durum wheat.     

One intra prediction mode selection algorithm based on edge direction detection in H.〖STHZ〗264〖ST〗

Motion estimation is the most complex part in H.264. Intra prediction is an important part of motion estimation. There are a number of intra prediction modes in H.264, which no doubt greatly increase encoding complexity. In intra prediction, the way of choosing prediction method is rate distortion optimization or using correlation properties. For complexity problem, the paper provides an improved intra prediction mode selection algorithm. This algorithm uses a new detection method to detect the pixel correlation in the direction of mode selection. Test results show that the algorithm has reduced the computational complexity and increased the encoding speed highly in the premise of ensuring video quality.     

聚糠萘水剂对不同积温带玉米叶片衰老和籽粒灌浆速率的影响

在大田栽培条件下,以郑单958和丰单3号为材料,于六叶期喷施玉米专用抗冷剂聚糠萘水剂(PKN),研究PKN对黑龙江省3个积温带上花后玉米穗位叶衰老生理及籽粒灌浆速率的影响。结果表明,从第I积温带到第III积温带,气温逐渐降低; 两玉米品种穗位叶的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性及叶绿素(Chl a+Chl b)含量均呈逐渐下降趋势,而MDA含量呈逐渐升高的趋势。同一积温带,两品种不同处理的穗位叶SOD、POD、CAT的活性随生育期呈“先升高后下降”的单峰变化趋势,而MDA含量呈“先降低后升高”的趋势; PKN处理后3个积温带的两品种穗位叶SOD、POD、CAT的活性及叶绿素含量较对照均有不同程度的提高。而MDA的含量与对照相比呈下降趋势。从第I积温带到第III积温带,两品种籽粒的干重均随籽粒的发育呈“慢—快—慢”的S型变化,而灌浆速率呈“先升高后降低”的单峰曲线变化趋势,且两品种籽粒干物重和灌浆速率呈下降趋势; PKN处理后两品种的籽粒干物重和灌浆速率较对照均有不同程度的提高。2010年和2011年PKN处理后3个积温带两品种的产量均增加。2010年第III积温带的ZDTR和FDTR的增产幅度比第I、第II积温带高2.58%、1.17%和2.04%、1.48%。2011年第III积温带的ZDTR和FDTR的增产幅度比第I、第II积温带高8.2%、5.1%和3.4%、0.8%。由此可见,PKN处理后延缓玉米叶片衰老,提高籽粒的灌浆速率,最终增加玉米的产量。     

水分胁迫条件下钙赤合剂和磷浸种对冬小麦幼苗净光合速率和抗氧化系统的影响

以豫麦49为研究材料,在水分胁迫条件下研究钙赤合剂(Ca-GA)和磷(P)浸种对幼苗净光合速率(Pn)、水分利用效率(WUE)、渗透调节物质脯氨酸(Pro)、膜脂过氧化物丙二醛(MDA)及抗氧化酶系统的影响。结果表明:与清水浸种处理相比,Ca-GA浸种和P浸种处理后的幼苗在重度水分胁迫条件下其光合速率和水分利用效率增加,MDA含量降低,Pro含量增加,过氧化物酶(POD)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)及过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性增强,抗坏血酸-过氧化物酶(APX)活性变化不大,抗坏血酸(AsA)和还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量升高。以上结果表明:Ca-GA浸种和P浸种处理均有效降低了水分胁迫导致的抗氧化系统紊乱,使幼苗保持一定的光合速率和较高的水分利用效率。总体上看,Ca-GA浸种和P浸种可有效提高小麦幼苗抗旱性。     

甘肃徽县银杏引种及生长特征研究

为了选择适宜甘肃陇南地区栽培的银杏优良品种,探索不同品种的生长习性,从而为叶用和果用银杏栽培技术提供理论基础,从江苏省泰州市引进银杏品种‘七星果’、‘大佛手’、‘圆玲6号’和‘大马玲’,进行引种试验,对嫁接定植的1年生幼树进行成活率、萌生枝条类型、新梢生长量、物候期及净光合速率调查和观测,运用SPSS 17.0软件进行方差分析（LSD和Duncan法进行多重比较）。结果表明：嫁接成活率为：‘大马玲’＞‘大佛指’＞‘七星果’＞‘大佛手’＞‘圆玲6号’,均高于73.36%;引进的4个品种与当地栽培品种‘大佛指’相比,除了封顶期推迟了1~3天外,萌芽期、展叶期、叶全盛期和落叶期均不存在显著性差异;‘圆玲6号’单株萌生长枝数量和新梢生长量显著高于‘大佛指’,‘大马玲’单株萌生短枝数量显著高于其他品种,新梢生长量高于‘大佛指’;‘大佛手’、‘七星果’和‘圆玲6号’光合速率出现明显的双峰曲线,而‘大佛指’光合速率仅在10:00左右出现1次峰值,且在测定时间8:00、12:00、14:00、16:00的光合速率均显著低于其他品种。     

Developmental Dynamics and Early Growth Vigour in Rice. I. Relationship Between Development Rate (1/Phyllochron) and Growth

Achieving early vigour, that is, rapid dry matter accumulation, is a priority in rice crop improvement, but this trait is complex and not well understood genetically and physiologically. This study tested the hypothesis that the development rate (DR) contributes to early vigour. Two diversity panels were phenotyped during vegetative stage for traits constituting early vigour (shoot dry weight, SDW; relative growth rate, RGR) or contributing to early vigour (tillering, leaf size, DR). The first panel comprised 169 genotypes from all major genetic groups of Oryza sativa and was phenotyped under irrigated upland conditions in the field (Philippines, Exp1). The second panel with 190 genotypes representing the diversity of the tropical japonica group was phenotyped in pots in a greenhouse (Montpellier, France, Exp2). Results from field and pot experiment pointed out that DR, tillering and leaf size were positively correlated with RGR and SDW, although the contribution of leaf size was small. DR was positively correlated with tillering but both were negatively correlated with leaf size. DR vs. RGR correlation was conserved in subsets of genotypes with similar leaf size and tillering, suggesting an effect of DR on RGR independent of the other traits. DR is a promising, still underexploited trait contributing to rice early vigour, requiring further genetic and physiological characterization.     

郑单958与先玉335黄淮海北部物候期特点分析

【研究目的】为了实时掌握夏玉米在黄淮海北部生长发育进程,综合评价环境因素对玉米生长发育的影响,调查分析了郑单958与先玉335在北纬37°53′、东经115°42′的物候期特征。夏播玉米郑单958与先玉335播种后6d出苗,生育期间为111d,灌浆期持续66d,叶片展开速率和灌浆速率随温度升高而加速,收获前6d（10月5-11日期间）,郑单958与先玉335产量贡献率分别达6.61%和4.20%。【结论】分析结果认为,黄淮海区域属于一年两熟种植模式,黄淮海北部夏玉米一般不能达到完熟收获。选用中早熟品种,及早抢播、适时晚收,保证玉米充足的有效积温和授粉后充足的灌浆时间可以显著提高玉米产量。