大气CO2浓度升高与氮肥互作对玉米花后碳氮代谢及产量的影响

【目的】研究大气CO₂浓度升高（eCO₂）及氮肥施用对夏玉米开花吐丝后不同组分碳氮代谢物含量及动态和产量的影响,为全球气候变化下玉米生理过程及产量形成的变化提供理论支撑,同时为玉米作物模型调参提供实证数据。【方法】利用自由大气CO₂富集（FACE）平台,以夏玉米品种农大108为试验材料开展田间试验。在常规大气CO₂浓度（aCO₂,(400±15) μmol·mol^-1）和高CO₂浓度（eCO₂,(550±20) μmol·mol^-1）下分别设置不施氮（ZN）和施氮（CN,180 kg N·hm^-2）2个氮水平。对夏玉米产量及其构成要素、干物质积累、花后碳代谢物（可溶性糖、淀粉、总碳）动态和氮代谢物（硝态氮,游离氨基酸、可溶性蛋白、非溶性氮化合物细胞壁氮素和类囊体氮素、总氮）动态以及碳氮比动态进行监测。【结果】（1） eCO₂与施氮对夏玉米生物量积累有一定促进作用,但对产量及产量构成因素的影响均不显著。（2）eCO₂使玉米花后功能叶碳组份中的可溶性糖浓度显著提高,灌浆后期叶片碳氮比显著提高。（3）eCO₂下花后玉米功能叶氮代谢中的必需功能氮组分浓度未受影响,而一些结构性氮组分浓度有降低,eCO₂对功能叶中功能氮组分（如可溶性蛋白）的含量没有显著影响;氮代谢中的简单组分（如游离氨基酸）在功能叶中的浓度仅在开花期比aCO₂有显著增加,后期没有显著影响;但eCO₂下氮代谢中的非溶性氮组分（如细胞壁氮素和类囊体氮素）含量在花后一些时期显著降低。（4）氮肥施用使玉米从抽雄到灌浆后期功能叶非结构性碳水化合物（如可溶性糖）浓度、硝态氮浓度、细胞壁氮素和类囊体氮素含量显著提高;中等土壤肥力下不施氮处理的功能叶可溶性蛋白含量没有受影响,但非溶性氮组分（如类囊体氮和细胞壁氮）含量降低,氮素优先满足作物生长必需的可溶性蛋白。（5）eCO₂和氮肥交互作用对不同组分碳氮代谢物的影响不同,体现在不同时期,主要表现为提高了玉米功能叶简单碳氮组分（如可溶性糖和硝态氮）在后期的浓度,且碳氮比提高;提高了灌浆初期细胞壁氮素含量,功能叶总氮浓度仅在灌浆后期表现降低、其他时期没有显著影响。【结论】eCO₂对夏玉米的生物量增加有一定作用,玉米穗位叶碳氮比在一些时期显著增加,但对产量无显著影响;eCO₂下玉米花后穗位叶非结构性碳水化合物浓度增加,但总氮和非溶性氮素化合物在花后均发生不同程度降低。在未来大气CO₂浓度升高为特征之一的气候变化情景下,合理增施氮肥对促进作物碳氮代谢的协调有一定必要性。     

The role of glutamate, calcium and magnesium in secondary brain injury

Objective: To review the roles that glutamate, calcium and magnesium play in both normal brain function and in the events following traumatic brain injury. Human data synthesis: Elevated extracellular brain glutamate levels have been well documented in humans following traumatic brain injury. Therapies focusing on glutamate receptor antagonists have not yet been shown to have clinical effectiveness significant enough to outweigh the side effects. Newer strategies are currently being explored focusing on the many secondary cellular cascades interacting to culminate in cell injury and death. Veterinary data synthesis: Derangements in glutamate, calcium and magnesium have been well documented in animals following traumatic brain injury. Research studies using animal models other than small laboratory animals such as rats, mice and rabbits are very limited. Prospective veterinary clinical trials in dogs and cats are needed to determine the potential success that various therapeutic strategies might have in the field of small animal emergency and critical care medicine. Conclusions: Alterations in the levels of glutamate, calcium and magnesium play a critical role in secondary brain injury. The future development of clinically‐tolerated and effective antagonists of glutamate, glutamate receptors, and other downstream mediators has the potential to revolutionize the therapy of traumatic brain injured patients.     

高架草莓的果实识别与果梗分割

在高架栽培环境下,精准识别草莓果实并分割果梗对提升草莓采摘机器人的作业精度和效率至关重要。该研究在原YOLOv5s模型中引入自注意力机制,提出了一种改进的YOLOv5s模型（ATCSP-YOLOv5s）用于高架草莓的果实识别,并通过YOLOv5s-seg模型实现了果梗的有效分割。试验结果显示,ATCSP-YOLOv5s模型的精确率、召回率和平均精度值分别为97.24%、94.07%、95.59%,较原始网络分别提升了4.96、7.13、4.53个百分点;检测速度为17.3帧/s。此外,YOLOv5s-seg果梗分割模型的精确率、召回率和平均精度值分别为82.74%、82.01%和80.67%。使用ATCSP-YOLOv5s模型和YOLOv5s-seg模型分别对晴天顺光、晴天逆光和阴天条件下的草莓图像进行检测,结果表明,ATCSP-YOLOv5s模型在3种条件下识别草莓果实的平均精度值为95.71%、95.34%、95.56%,较原始网络提升4.48、4.60、4.50个百分点。YOLOv5s-seg模型在3种条件下分割草莓果梗的平均精度值为82.31%、81.53%、82.04%。该研究为草莓采摘机器人的自动化作业提供了理论和技术支持。     

秸秆还田下大气CO2浓度升高对水稻生长和CH4排放的影响

【目的】明确秸秆还田下大气CO₂浓度升高对水稻生长和稻田CH₄排放的影响,为气候变化下温室气体排放评估和丰产低碳的稻作技术创新提供理论参考和科学依据。【方法】利用开顶式气室(Open top chamber, OTC)进行田间试验,设置两个CO₂浓度处理,分别为正常大气CO₂浓度处理(简称aCO₂,CO₂浓度约为0.04%)和大气CO₂浓度升高处理(简称eCO₂,CO₂浓度约为0.055%),每个处理的田块混入等量的前茬小麦秸秆,探明秸秆还田下大气CO₂浓度升高对水稻产量等生长特性、稻田CH₄排放及微生物丰度的影响,揭示秸秆还田下大气CO₂浓度升高对CH₄排放的影响机制。【结果】大气CO₂浓度升高显著促进水稻的生长,使剑叶叶面积增加25.0%,地上生物量增加22.0%,产量提高29.0%。大气CO₂浓度升高显著增加了穗数、结实率和千粒重,但对穗粒数影响不显著。秸秆还田下,大气CO₂浓度升高有降低稻田CH₄排放的趋势,使单位产量CH₄排放量降低了39.4%。大气CO₂浓度升高使土壤甲烷氧化关键基因pmoA的拷贝数增加了20.0%,但对甲烷产生关键基因mcrA的拷贝数影响较小。【结论】秸秆还田条件下,未来大气CO₂浓度升高不仅提高了水稻产量,而且有利于减少稻田温室气体CH₄的排放。     

Family Variation in the Morphology and Physiology of White Spruce (Picea glauca) Seedlings in Response to Elevated CO2 and Temperature

Tree improvement programs aim to develop families that are well-adapted to future growing conditions. To gain insight into the stability of the family genetic response to climate change, white spruce (Picea glauca) seedlings from 60 full-sib families were subjected to a combination of two temperature regimes and two levels of CO₂ over two growing seasons. There was positive effect of warmer temperatures and higher CO₂ on some growth variables but no significant family × treatment interactions. Instantaneous water use efficiency was the only physiological trait that was affected positively by the CO₂ treatment, showing a 51% increase that was consistent across families.     

The Effect of Elevated Levels of Carbon Dioxide on Potato Crops

SUMMARY

Experiments, which have investigated the effect of elevated concentrations of atmospheric CO₂ on the physiology, growth and yield of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.), are reviewed. These studies were conducted in controlled environment chambers, in glasshouses, in open top field chambers as well as using free air carbon dioxide (FACE) exposure systems. In general, photosynthesis is stimulated by elevated CO₂ initially although long-term exposure leads to acclimation. The stomata of potato leaves partially close in response to elevated CO₂ and starch granules build up in the chloroplasts. Although above- and below-ground biomass production is stimulated, accelerated senescence limits growth towards the end of the growing season exposure to elevated CO₂ stimulates tuber yield, the magnitude of which depends on agronomic practise, cultivar choice and growing conditions. The beneficial effects of elevated CO₂ may be reduced by interaction with other components of climate change, such as drought stress. Modelling of the effects of climate change on potato yield has predicted an increase in yields in northern Europe with little change in central and southern Europe. It is suggested that further research is needed to understand the reasons for photosynthetic acclimation, field trials are also needed to understand and quantify the interaction between elevated CO₂ and drought stress.     

4种芳香植物精油抗焦虑作用的评价

采用高架十字迷宫(EPM)和Vogel饮水冲突2种造模方式进行试验,比较了嗅吸薰衣草、甜橙、檀香、香紫苏4种单方精油对大鼠焦虑症状的缓解作用。通过GC-MS分析了4种单方精油的化学成分。结果显示,薰衣草精油的抗焦虑作用最好,其次为香紫苏精油,甜橙和檀香精油无明显的抗焦虑作用。薰衣草和香紫苏精油中含量最高的2种挥发性成分均为芳樟醇和乙酸芳樟酯。     

Effects of down-regulation of AEG-1 expression on cell cycle and invasion of human cervical carcinoma cells

AIM: To investigate the effects of down-regulation of astrocyte elevated gene-1 (AEG-1) expression on cell cycle and invasion of human cervical carcinoma SiHa cells.METHODS: The protein expression of AEG-1 was detected by Western blotting in normal cervical tissues, cervical squamous cell carcinoma tissues, HeLa cells, SiHa cells and CaSki cells. Control siRNA or AEG-1 siRNA was transfected into SiHa cells, and the protein expression of AEG-1 in SiHa cells was detected by Western blotting. The changes of cell cycle distribution and cell invasion were determined by flow cytometry and Boyden chamber, respectively. The protein levels of cyclin D1, cyclin-dependent kinase 2(CDK2) and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) were analyzed by Western blotting.RESULTS: The protein expression of AEG-1 in cervical squamous cell carcinoma tissues was significantly higher than that in normal cervical tissues (P<0.05). Meanwhile, the protein expression of AEG-1 in the 3 cervical carcinoma cell lines was obviously higher than that in normal cervical tissues, in which SiHa cells displayed the highest AEG-1 protein level (P<0.05). In addition, AEG-1 siRNA effectively down-regulated the protein expression of AEG-1 in SiHa cells, which led to increase the percentage at G0/G1 phase and reduced the invasion of SiHa cells. Furthermore, the protein levels of cyclin D1, CDK2 and MMP-9 in AEG-1 siRNA group were markedly lower than those in non-treatment group and control siRNA group (P<0.05).CONCLUSION: Over-expression of AEG-1 may be closely associated with the occurrence and development of cervical carcinoma, and the AEG-1 down-regulation-mediated cell cycle arrest and attenuation of invasion may be tightly related to the down-regulations of cyclin D1, CDK2 and MMP-9 at protein levels.     

现代设施草莓高架育苗质量研究

以草莓栽培品种章姬为试材,对高架育苗与地栽育苗两种不同育 苗模式下草莓子苗的株高、叶柄长度、新茎粗、叶面积、SPAD 值等植物生长量以及根长、根鲜质量、植株鲜质量及干质量等生物量进行了测定,并对两种育苗模式的子苗移栽至蓄热式立体草莓栽培系统后的长势进行了分析。此外,分别测定了两种草莓育苗温 室的太阳辐射能量、植株叶冠层温度和相对湿度等环境因子。结果表明：高架育苗温室盆钵草莓子苗的生长量和生物量等各项指标均好于普通地栽育苗棚的草莓子苗,移栽后盆钵子苗的缓苗期更 短,长势更加旺盛。高架育苗棚的环境条件明显优于普通地栽育苗棚,更加有利于草莓子苗光合作用的进行。     

大气中O3与CO2浓度升高对植物影响研究进展

由于工业的快速发展,大气中的O₃和CO₂浓度有逐年上升的趋势,对植物产生了很大的影响。目前,植物对O₃和CO₂浓度变化的复合作用的响应机制研究已经成为生态学研究的热点问题。文中阐述了O₃和CO₂浓度升高及其复合作用对植物的形态特征、光合作用、抗氧化系统及生物量等生理生化机制的影响,指出目前研究中存在并有待进一步研究的问题,以期为进一步开展高浓度O₃和CO₂对植物生理生态学影响研究提供科学参考和理论依据。