食品中黄酮醇的组成、性质及其检测方法

黄酮醇是一类重要的类黄酮类物质,它广泛存在于水果、蔬菜以及它们的加工产品饮料和红葡萄酒中.本文对黄酮醇类物质的分类、组成、生物学性质及其检测方法进行论述,并对今后研究重点提出展望.     

不同植被群落下喀斯特土壤养分及生物化学性质特征

为了探讨植被群落对喀斯特土壤养分和生物化学性质的影响,对贵州茂兰国家级自然保护区不同植被群落下土壤养分、基础呼吸、微生物量碳及酶活性进行比较研究。结果表明:不同植被群落之间土壤养分含量差异显著,土壤总有机碳、全氮、全磷、碱解氮和有效磷表现为裸露地<草丛<灌丛≤乔林;土壤基础呼吸表现为裸露地<灌丛<乔林<草丛,诱导微生物量碳为裸露地<灌丛<草丛=乔林,而熏蒸微生物量碳为裸露地<草丛<灌丛<乔林;不同植被群落下土壤蔗糖酶活性高于裸露地,但不同植被群落间差异不显著,土壤脲酶活性有着裸露地<草丛=灌丛<乔林的趋势,而土壤碱性磷酸酶活性表现为裸露地<灌丛<乔林<草丛;土壤呼吸商和诱导微生物量与熏蒸微生物量比值均表现为乔林=灌丛<草丛=裸露地。结果分析表明,不同植被群落下喀斯特土壤养分水平及其凋落物差异影响着土壤微生物群落结构及活性,而土壤微生物执行着土壤营养元素生物化学过程,其群落结构和活性又影响着土壤养分水平及养分有效性。     

骆马湖滨岸缓冲带土壤性质的空间异质性分析

通过野外调查、采样以及地统计学的方法,研究了骆马湖东南岸有草和无草两块滨岸缓冲区土壤的氮、磷、有机质含量的异质性特征,探讨植物带对污染物的富集、截留作用.结果表明:有草区土壤的TN、TP及有机质的平均含量均大于无草区;在骆马湖滨岸缓冲带,不同的植物群落对氮、磷元素的截留、富集效率差异不大;植物群落对有机质的截留作用不明显,有草区和无草区的有机质含量的性质较为接近.滨岸缓冲带植物能够通过吸收、截留、吸附、分解等作用减少湖泊水体中的碳、氮、磷的含量.研究结果可为骆马湖非点源的治理提供理论参考,为湖泊滨岸缓冲带的研究和构建提供借鉴.     

几种保护性耕作措施在黄土高原旱作农田的实践

自2001年起,甘肃农业大学的研究者在甘肃省定西市安定区李家堡镇布设了不同保护性耕作措施下春小麦→豌豆和豌豆→春小麦轮作系统的定位试验,以研究免耕不覆盖(NT)、传统耕作秸秆还田(TS)、免耕秸秆覆盖(NTS)、传统耕作地膜覆盖(TP)和免耕地膜覆盖(NTP)等保护性耕作措施在黄土高原旱作农田生态系统中的效应。本文就近10年依托该试验获取的相关研究结果进行综述,重点阐述特定土壤、气候、农作制度下土壤理化性状、土壤微生物及其酶活性、土壤温室气体排放、作物生理生态等对上述几种保护性耕作措施的响应。初步得到免耕秸秆覆盖措施有助于形成良好的土壤结构、减少土壤侵蚀、改善土壤持水特性、提高土壤养分利用效率、改善土壤微生物区系、增强作物光合效能、增加作物产量等结论,对筛选出当地适宜的耕作模式、改善区域土壤质量、促进农业可持续发展有重要意义。在此基础上,提出目前该项研究存在的问题和今后重点关注的方向:1)保护性耕作土壤碳循环机理;2)覆盖方式的创新;3)温室气体排放测量方法的改进与完善。     

Surface-active properties of particle size fractions in two humic acids

The relationships between surface active properties and humic acid (HA) particle sizes were investigated. Two HAs from an Ando soil and a Brown forest soil were separated into 6 particle size fractions by gel permeation chromatography. Surface-active properties characterized by surface excess value (\gT mol cm^-2), cross-sectional surface area per molecule (A nm²), critical micelle concentration (CMC g L^-1), efficiency and effectiveness of water surface tension reduction were obtained by the measurement of the surface tension of HA solutions from different particle size fractions. For the HA from the Ando soil, except for the smallest particle size fraction, increasing particle size enhanced the efficiency of reduction of the water surface tension and decreased the CMC, while the effectiveness of reduction of the water surface tension was about the same. The surface activity of the HA from the Ando soil increased with increasing particle size. This phenomenon was similar to the surface activity of a homologous series of surfactants, which increased with increasing alkyl chain length. For the HA from the Brown forest soil, the smallest particle size fraction and three large fractions showed a high efficiency, namely a high surface activity. The smallest fraction from the Brown forest soil showed the highest efficiency and the lowest CMC value. In both HAs, the smallest particle size fraction showed exceptional surface-active properties compared with the other fractions and three fractions with large particle size showed a higher surface activity than other smaller fractions.     

Soil Redistribution investigations by combined use of soil 137Cs and selected chemical properties

Abstract

To improve the methods of application of phosphorus or supply of soil P to Azolla (A. microphylld), basal application, split application, inoculation of P-enriched Azolla, and soil disturbance were compared. Soil disturbance did not increase the floodwater P content. Phosphorus was applied to inoculum production plots to enrich Azolla with P. Thus, phosphorus-enriched Azolla could multiply 5–7 times after inoculation until it became P deficient. Trials on the methods of enrichment of Azolla with P showed that the best method was to broadcast twice 4.33 kg P (10 kg P₂O₅/ha) at 2-day intervals and to harvest Azolla 3 days after P application. Addition of P once or twice 2 weeks after the inoculation of P-enriched Azolla further increased the biomass production. Efficiency of P application was analyzed in terms of N gain in relation to the amount of P applied. This ratio in the P-enriched Azolla treatment was higher than the economically sound ratio -5-, and higher than or equal to that in the standard split application.     

协助自然修复微量元素污染酸性土壤研究：8年田间试验

There are many remediation techniques for organic contaminated soils,but relatively few of them are applicable to trace elementcontaminated soils.A field experiment was carried out to investigate assisted natural remediation（ANR） of an acid soil contaminated by As,Cd,Cu,Zn and Pb using one inorganic amendment,sugar beet lime（SL）,and two organic amendments,biosolid compost（BC）and leonardeite（LE）.The experiment was arranged in a completely randomized block design with four treatments in three replicates:1) a non-amended control（NA）;2) SL amended at 30 Mg ha^-1 year^-1;3) BC amended at 30 Mg ha^-1 year^-1 and 4) LE amended at 20 Mg ha^-1 year^-1 plus SL amended at 10 Mg ha^-1 year^-1（LESL）.The amended plots received two doses of each amendment（DO2）:one in October 2002 and another in October 2003.The plots were then divided in half into two subpolts and one subplot received another two doses of the same amendments（DO4） in October 2005 and October 2006.In 2011,the pH values of the amended soils were greater than that of the NA soil,with the SL-amended soil showing the highest pH.Total organic carbon（TOC） was also greater in the amended soil,and greater with DO4 than with DO2.Amendments reduced the concentrations of 0.01 mol L^-1 CaCl₂-extractable Cd,Cu and Zn,especially in the SL-amended soil.Plant cover of colonizing vegetation was enhanced by amendments,but was independent of amendment doses.Changes in soil properties from 2003 to 2011 showed that the first amendment application of DO2 caused a high differentiation between all the amendment treatments and the NA treatment.After the second application of DO2,soil pH and TOC continued increasing slowly.Further two applications of amendments（DO4） caused differences only in the organic treatments.Plant cover increased over time in all the treatments including NA.It could be concluded that the slow and steady natural remediation of this soil could be enhanced by amendment application（ANR）.     

不同母质发育土壤的中红外吸收光谱特征

选取湘东丘陵区四种典型母质发育土壤(酸性紫色土、花岗岩红壤、板岩红壤和第四纪红土红壤),采集剖面(深至母岩/母质层)样品,应用傅里叶变换红外光谱仪研究灼烧去除有机质处理、土层深度和母质类型对土壤中红外吸收光谱特征的影响,分析吸收光谱与土壤理化性质的关系。结果表明,去除有机质后,特征区的中红外吸收值升高,反映矿物质对红外吸收谱线的强烈影响。在剖面上,底土(60~80 cm或100~120 cm)的中红外吸收值高于表土(0~20 cm),与土壤有机质含量的剖面分布相反。四种土壤的中红外光谱均属典型的高岭石图谱。砂粒、粘粒含量与红外吸收值的相关性最好,砂粒含量的最大相关系数(0.51)出现在3700、913和720~540 cm~(-1)附近,粘粒含量的最大相关系数(0.54)出现在1100~694 cm~(-1);本研究表明,原土的中红外吸收光谱特征主要受矿物质的支配,可以很好地反映土壤质地的状况,指示土壤质量变化。     

土层置换对草甸土理化性状及作物产量的影响

研究旨在探讨土层置换对土壤物理性质和化学性质的变化及对作物产量的影响,这对作物高产具有重要意义。试验地点选在黑龙江省宝清县草甸土上,以玉米绥玉7、马铃薯克新13和甜菜德国KWS3418为材料,设置土层置换和浅翻深松2个处理,分析不同处理对土壤含水率、硬度、土壤三相、速效养分及产量的影响。结果表明:与浅翻深松处理相比,土层置换处理后2年内,明显改善土壤物理性质,0~40 cm土层土壤含水率分别提高3.7%和3.0%;土壤硬度分别下降17.6%和21.6%。20~40 cm土壤固相分别降低0.3%和0.7%;液相分别提高3.7%和1.1%;气相分别提高2.0%和4.2%。进而容重降低,提高土壤通透性。土层置换处理改善20~40 cm土层土壤化学性质,提高土壤速效养分。20~40 cm土层平均养分变化为:碱解氮分别提高48.4%和46.0%;速效钾分别提高12.9%和38.9%;速效磷分别提高11.9%和15.6%。土壤不同层次物理和化学性质的改变能够提高作物产量,与浅翻深松处理相比,2011年、2012年玉米分别增产31.6%、17.9%,马铃薯分别增产70.5%、25.0%,甜菜分别增产12.4%和38.9%,差异达到显著水平。综合以上分析表明,土层置换处理后土壤2个作物生育期内能够改善心土层土壤物理性状、化学性状,从而提高作物产量。因此土层置换技术可为低产土壤改良及作物高产提供理论依据和技术支持。     

稻秸蚯蚓堆制后的物理、化学及微生物特性变化

利用水稻秸秆与畜禽粪便（牛粪、猪粪和鸡粪）等干重混合物（RCD、RPM、RCE）接种蚯蚓（Eisenia foetida）进行堆制,研究堆肥产物的物理、化学及微生物特性变化。结果表明,蚯蚓堆制30 d后,稻秸牛粪、稻秸猪粪堆肥产物MBC含量显著下降; 3种稻秸粪便混合物经蚯蚓堆制后,堆肥产物微生物代谢熵、脱氢酶和碱性磷酸酶活性增加,尤以RCD的变化明显。稻秸牛粪、稻秸猪粪及稻秸鸡粪混合物经蚯蚓堆制后,总固形物平均重量损失分别增加6.45%、4.22%和3.82%; pH值均降低,其中RCD显著降低。蚯蚓堆制有助于提高堆肥产物全氮、全磷和全钾含量,同时使碳氮比降低。水稻秸秆混入部分畜禽粪便经蚯蚓堆制可减少堆肥时间并提高堆肥质量,混入的粪便以牛粪最好,猪粪次之,鸡粪最差。