Effects of all‐male,mixed‐sex and all‐female freshwater prawn in polyculture with major carps and molas in the fallow rice fields

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of all‐male, mixed‐sex and all‐female freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) in a polyculture with major carps (Catla catla and Labeo rohita) and self‐recruiting small fish molas (Amblypharyngodon mola) in the fallow rice fields of Bangladesh. There were three treatments with three replicates. All ponds were stocked with carps and molas plus either all‐male prawns (treatment MP), mixed‐sex prawns (MFP) or all‐female prawns (FP). Prawn, mola, catla and rohu were stocked 20 000, 20 000, 1750 and 750 ha^?1, respectively, in all treatments. The prawns were fed twice daily, starting at 8% body weight and gradually reduced to 3% body weight. The fish were fed in the morning with mustard oil cake and rice bran (1:2 ratios) at 3% body weight. Significantly higher production of prawns (697 kg ha^?1) was obtained in treatment MP, which yielded 34.7% and 56.2% more production than MFP and FP respectively. Significantly higher total production of 1620 kg ha^?1 and a higher benefit–cost ratio of 2.10:1 were also obtained in treatment MP. It can be concluded that an all‐male prawn culture is economically more viable than all‐female and mixed‐sex prawn cultures, along with other fish like major carps and the nutrient‐dense molas in the polyculture.     

稻鱼生态兼作轮作优质高产技术及其效益评价

Based on the Rice Fish Concurrent living theory and pond aquaculture high yield technology, combining Rice Fish Concurrent Farming technique in the model of pit pond aquaculture and the Rice Fish in turn Farming technique in the model of field pond aquaculture, the high quality and yield ecological technique model of early rice fish concurrent farming and late complete aquaculture in paddy field was established, which contain one submodel of fingerlings farming to juvenile and another submodel of juvenile fish farming to adult fish. The model demonstration base covering 20 hm2 paddy field was established in Songyang village, Gechuan town, Liancheng county of Fujian province. Production results showed： Early rice harvest average yield increased 22% very significantly （P 〈 0. 01 ） in both submodels, and 453 kg juvenile fish was produced per 667 m2 paddy field implementing the submodel of fingerlings farming to juvenile fish, whose production value and profit were 5 182￥ and 1 662 ￥ RMB, respectively, and were very significantly increased 2.5 times and 3.7 times （P 〈 0.01 ） respectively than planting only two harvests paddy without aquacuhure; 710 kg adult fish was produced per 667 m2 paddy field implementing the suhmodel of juvenile fish farming to adult fish, whose production value and profit were 6 428￥ and 2 005 ￥ RMB, respectively, and were very significantly increased 3.2 times and 4.7 times （P 〈 0. 01 ） respectively than planting only two harvests paddy without aquaculture; There were good economic, social and ecological benefit.     

覆膜滴灌棉田蒸散量的模拟研究

通过综合考虑影响作物蒸散量的土壤、作物、大气3方面因子,结合新疆滴灌棉田覆膜栽培的生产实际,设计了不同覆盖度和品种试验,以Penman－Montieth方程估算参考作物蒸散量,确定了不同覆盖度及品种条件下的作物系数,并在此基础上实现了覆膜滴灌棉田蒸散量较为准确地估计。试验结果认为覆膜滴灌棉田全生育期蒸散量在540～620 mm之间,全生育期蒸散量和作物系数都随着覆盖度的增加而减小,叶面积指数与日蒸散量及作物系数关系密切,品种间由于品种特性的差异而引起的叶面积指数变化,最终导致了品种间作物系数K_c的不同。     

手动喷雾器组合充电式静电喷雾装置的雾化效果试验

在常用手动喷雾器基础上,采用组合充电式静电喷雾装置,并对其工作原理和关键结构进行了理论探讨,进行了常规喷雾与静电喷雾的雾化质量对比试验,结果表明,所设计装置能够达到静电喷雾的效果,静电喷雾的雾滴谱较窄,雾滴粒径细小,均匀度较高,组合充电方式和液力式雾化原理的结合较好地实现了静电喷雾。     

锡林河流域温带草原土壤的净氮矿化研究

氮素矿化是决定土壤供氮能力的重要过程,也是目前国内外研究的热点。该文采用树脂芯方法测定了内蒙古锡林河流域不同温带草原土壤在雨季期间的净氮矿化率,对树脂芯方法在温带草原的应用效果进行了评价。结果表明,实验期间贝加尔针茅草原、羊草草原和大针茅草原土壤的平均日净氮矿化率分别为0.035、0.120和0.125 kg/(hm²·d);树脂芯方法对草原土壤氮转化过程干扰较小,是自然条件下研究温带草原土壤净氮矿化的有效手段。     

Simulations of storm hydrographs in a mixed-landuse watershed using a modified TR-20 model

Most flood damage in Korea is caused by heavy rainfall events and typhoons during the summer rainy season. A modified Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) TR-20 model, TR-20-RICE, was developed to investigate the storm runoff characteristics of a 385-ha mixed-landuse watershed in Korea. The TR-20-RICE not only used the rainfall excess and hydrologic flood routing components of the original TR-20 model, but also included a paddy runoff process, which captured irrigated paddy runoff characteristics such as inundation, retention storage, and surface runoff. The performances of TR-20 and TR-20-RICE were compared using storm hydrographs and observational data. The results indicated that both models simulated storm runoff accurately over the simulation period. The TR-20-RICE runoff volume, peak discharge, and time-to-peak predictions were slightly closer to observations than those of the TR-20. The TR-20-RICE model may an effective alternative to the TR-20 model for generating storm hydrographs, particularly in the mixed-landuse watershed in Korea.     

热风加温下Venlo型温室温度场的CFD数值模拟

应用计算流体动力学(CFD,Computational Fuid Dynamics)中的标准湍流方程,对Venlo型PC板温室在燃油热风加温条件下进行了温度场的数值模拟。模拟时,对整个计算域采用ANSYS中的Fluid141单元进行网格划分,生成大约105个网格。数值模拟结果与试验测试点温度分布情况吻合较好,基本反映了燃油热风机出口风速为1.77m/s和风温为60℃时室内温度场的分布情况。     

空间导叶式离心泵的数值计算及优化设计

基于Navier-Stokes方程和标准k-ε湍流模型,采用SIMPLEC算法对一空间导叶式离心泵进行全流道三维湍流数值计算,分析了导叶式离心泵在设计工况下整个流道、环形空间及其空间导叶内部的流场分布,并进行试验验证计算结果.结果表明,叶轮叶片吸力面靠近进口区域压力最小,出现负值,该区域将有可能发生空化;液体流经叶轮和空间导叶之间的环形空间时将产生较大的冲击损失;液体由叶轮出口高速旋转流出经过环形空间流入空间导叶,空间导叶进口附近流速较大,在空间导叶吸力面的入口处存在二次流.试验结果和计算结果吻合较好,在相同流量下数值计算结果和试验数据的最大误差基本小于15%,在可以接受的范围之内,证明了数值计算的有效性.该研究结果为空间导叶的几何参数优化提供了一定的理论参考.     

多孔介质壁面条件下微尺度流动的数值模拟

利用多孔介质模拟微通道壁面粗糙元,建立了一种新的微尺度化流场的数值模拟方法.多孔介质模型厚度由微通道壁面相对粗糙度折算,多孔介质的阻力系数由该区域内的流态及阻力计算;配合采用k-ε和k-ω多种形式的湍流模型,对边长为600μm的方形断面微通道流场在雷诺数分别为100和300的情况下进行了数值模拟计算.通过模拟结果与Micro-PIV测量数据的对比分析发现,采用realizablek-ε湍流模型,搭配多孔介质微尺度化模型进行数值计算,能够有效地模拟微尺度流场的流动状况,而标准k-ε湍流模型和RNGk-ε湍流模型的微尺度模拟计算结果虽接近试验测量值,但仍有偏差;标准k-ω湍流模型和SSTk-ω湍流模型的微尺度模拟效果较差.     

大型地下洞室群施工通风的三维数值模拟

大型地下洞室群的施工通风问题是保证安全、加快施工进度的关键。传统的施工通风设计无法掌控真实通风效果,导致资源浪费。基于流体力学理论的地下洞室群施工通风三维数值模拟,能定量分析大型洞室、关键节点或通风洞(井)等的通风效果,为通风方案的设计和优化提供依据。