不同预处理对铁皮石斛热风干燥特性及品质的影响

为了优化铁皮石斛干燥工艺,降低其品质劣变风险,对热风干燥前的铁皮石斛鲜条进行直接剪切、烫漂和冻融预处理。研究不同预处理条件的铁皮石斛干燥特性和品质变化;利用低场核磁共振技术分析预处理对铁皮石斛干燥过程中水分迁移的影响。结果表明,预处理是影响铁皮石斛热风干燥过程的重要因素。与直接剪切相比,烫漂和冻融预处理提高了水分有效扩散系数,缩短了干燥时间,降低了能耗,尤以冻融预处理最为显著,干燥时间缩短了44.4%,能耗降低了42.76%（P<0.05）。微观结构观察表明,烫漂和冻融预处理使铁皮石斛组织间隙变大,细胞壁受到破坏,减弱了铁皮石斛组织对水分的束缚并增强了水分流动性,引起水分的重新分布,有利于水分迁移。低场核磁共振技术分析显示,干燥过程中去除的主要是自由水,烫漂和冻融预处理均降低了自由水的脱除时间,冻融预处理去除自由水的时间最少,为120 min。与直接剪切相比,冻融预处理提高了铁皮石斛干品中多糖和多酚的含量,分别提高了10.66%和12.32%,而烫漂预处理降低了铁皮石斛多糖和多酚的含量,分别降低了11.73%和14.73%,3种预处理铁皮石斛生物碱含量差异不显著（P>0.05）。总之,冻融预处理方法可以降低铁皮石斛干燥品质劣变风险,研究结果为石斛加工规范化生产提供参考。     

基于改进人工势场的苹果采摘机器人机械手避障方法

针对非结构化环境下的采摘机器人机械手实时避障问题,提出一种改进人工势场法的避障路径规划方法。根据自行研制的5自由度苹果采摘机器人机械手具体结构和障碍物特征,进行机械手运动学分析和障碍物建模;在保留传统人工势场法易于实现、结构简单等优点的基础上,针对其存在的局部极小点、陷进区等问题,结合果树生长环境中障碍物的特点,通过引入虚拟目标点使搜索过程跳出局部最优的极小点,从而实现机械手避开障碍物到达目标的灵活避障;将该方法应用于机械手末端位置、障碍物位置和目标位置已知条件下的采摘机器人机械手实时避障任务中,仿真和实验研究结果表明此方法简单,实时性好,能够有效地避开障碍物,成功到达目标位置,适合自然生长状态下苹果的自动采摘。     

稻田周围杂草地生境节肢动物群落的物种丰富度、优势度及多样性

2001年5-9月对福建省古田县单季稻田周围杂草地生境的节肢动物群落进行系统调查.结果表明:(1)稻田周围的杂草地生境贮存着丰富的天敌资源,对稻田害虫天敌种群的保存和发展有重要作用;(2)杂草地生境节肢动物群落的物种丰富度、个体数量和多样性呈现出在水稻生长前期(拨节期前)降低,在水稻生长后期增高的趋势.     

历届奥运会跨栏跑项目比赛成绩演进变化的分析

通过对历届奥运会田径跨栏跑比赛前3名成绩的发展变化过程以及成绩的递进情况进行定量分析。结果表明：从第2到第29届奥运会110m栏整体成绩提高的幅度大于冠军成绩的提高幅度;第20～29届奥运会女子100m栏冠军的成绩和前三名的平均成绩增长和降低均比较明显、稳定性较差。     

铜川市耀州区苹果林土壤水分状况研究

测定铜川市耀州区果地、果地～黄姜地和麦地不同类型土壤剖面含水量,研究其0～600 cm之间土壤含水量的变化情况.结果表明,耀州区正常降雨年份果地土层含水量从地表到地下呈现由低到高的变化,200～400 cm范围内出现了发育较弱的轻度干层;果地～黄姜地500 cm以上土壤水分得到了恢复,干层消失;500 cm以下土壤水分得到了补偿,但没有完全恢复.麦地100 cm以下土壤含水量没有明显变化,土层含水量正常.可见,轮作可以使土壤水分在一定范围内得到恢复.最后提出了土壤水分恢复的四点措施.     

菜地土壤中氮肥的反硝化损失和N2O排放

A field experiment was conducted on Chinese cabbage （Brassica campestris L. ssp. pekinensis （Lour.） Olsson） in a Nanjing suburb in 2003. The experiment included 4 treatments in a randomized complete block design with 3 replicates： zero chemical fertilizer N （CK）; urea at rates of 300 kg N ha^-1 （U300） and 600 kg N ha^-1 （U600）, both as basal and two topdressings; and polymer-coated urea at a rate of 180 kg N ha^-1 （PCU180） as a basal application. The acetylene inhibition technique was used to measure denitrification （N2 ＋ N2O） from intact soil cores and N2O emissions in the absence of acetylene. Results showed that compared to （3K total denitrification losses were significantly greater （P ≤ 0.05） in the PCU180, U300, and U600 treatments,while N2O emissions in the U300 and U600 treatments were significantly higher （P ≤ 0.05） than （3K. In the U300 and U600 treatments peaks of denitrification and N2O emission were usually observed after N application. In the polymer-coated urea treatment （PCU180） during the period 20 to 40 days after transplanting, higher denitrification rates and N2O fluxes occurred. Compared with urea, polymer-coated urea did not show any effect on reducing denitrification losses and N2O emissions in terms of percentage of applied N. As temperature gradually decreased from transplanting to harvest, denitrification rates and N2O emissions tended to decrease. A significant （P ≤0.01） positive correlation occurred between denitrification （r = 0.872） or N2O emission （r = 0.781） flux densities and soil temperature in the CK treatment with a stable nitrate content during the whole growing season.     

基于GIS的鲁东南典型丘陵平原区农田土壤养分空间变异特征及影响因素研究

以鲁东南丘陵平原区的某镇为例,利用采集的200个农田表层土壤样点数据,运用地统计学方法研究了土壤中有机质(SOM)、全氮(TN)、碱解氮(AN)、速效磷(AP)和速效钾(AK)含量的空间变异特征及其影响因素.结果表明:SOM、TN、AN、AP和AK的平均含量分别为13.52g/kg、0.75g/kg、87.27mg/k...     

Yields nutrient intake and soil fertilizing in 40 years fertilizer trials

The set of twenty long‐term field nutrition trials starting from 1957 at five sites. The sites differed by their altitude (from 180 m to 620 m) with average daily temperatures (from 6,8°C m to 9°C m) and soil type (from chernozem to brown podsolic soil) Provided mainly the following results:

? The geonomic division to the fertile sugarbeet region and less fertile potato region did not strictly differentiate the influence of fertilizer and climatic effects to the crop yields.

? The effect of fertilizing was dependent on the nutrient content and on the conditions of releasing and binding of the nutrients in soil.

? The precipitation regime has a strong influence on the effect of the nitrogen escalated doses.

? The facts concerning the nutrient intake are very precious knowledge. These facts have not been examined yet during the long‐term trials.

? The site effect, particularly its climatic conditions, on the nutrient intake is often more obvious compared to the fertilizing effect.

? Very interesting impulses for further research monitoring during the long‐term trials was contributed by “mapping”; of soil capacity to provide nutrients to plants at various sites and under different climate.     

丁香菌酯在水稻及稻田环境中的残留检测方法与消解动态

为丁香菌酯在水稻上的应用提供科学依据,采用UPLC-PDA方法,测定了丁香菌酯在稻田土壤、水稻植株和糙米样品中的消解动态及最终残留.结果表明:当丁香菌酯在土壤、植株和糙米中的添加水平为0.0275～1.375mg/kg时,其平均添加回收率在78.53％～105.3％,相对标准偏差(RSD)为1.49％～9.83％.在大田分蘖期按推荐使用高剂量的1.5倍(225 g/hm2)分别施药1次和2次进行最终残留试验,间隔期为15 d,距最后一次施药30 d后采样,糙米中丁香菌酯的残留量均低于0.05 mg/kg.     

6种药剂对小麦叶蜂的控制效果

为了筛选防治小麦叶蜂的高效药剂,采用室内毒力测定、田间小区和大田药效比较试验研究了6种杀虫剂对小麦叶蜂的控制效果。结果表明:室内毒力测定,药后48h,75%乙酰甲胺磷SP、2.0%阿维菌素EC和3.4%甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐ME对小麦叶蜂均有较好的毒杀效果,校正死亡率均达87%以上;小区比较试验以2.0%阿维菌素EC 2 000倍液的防效最好,药后5d,校正防效达95.83%;其次是3.4%甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐ME 2 000倍液,校正防效为93.26%;大田药效试验结果与小区比较试验相似,药后5d,2.0%阿维菌素EC 2 000倍液和3.4%甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐ME 2 000倍液的校正防效分别达96.20%和92.66%,而20%三唑磷EC 1 000倍液的防效仅为73.17%。结论:小麦叶蜂的田间药剂防治以2.0%阿维菌素EC 2 000倍液和3.4%甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐ME2000倍液的效果最好。