Simultaneous measurements of quantum yield and CO2 uptake for the assessment of non-assimilative electron flow in tree leaves

Using attached and detached leaves ofAcer palmatum Thunb. andRhaphiolepsis umbellata Makino, pulse-modulated chlorophyll fluorescence and CO₂ exchange were measured. Quantum yield of photosynthesis was determined from the fluorescence parameter(Fm′−Fs)/Fm′, where (Fm′−Fs) was defined as the difference between steady state chlorophyll fluorescence (Fs) and maximum fluorescence (Fm′) elicited by a saturating light pulse. The rate of electron transport through photosystem II (total electron flow) was calculated from the product of quantum yield andA (PFD), whereA is the rate of absorbed photons as given by leaf absorptance, and PFD is the photon flux density at the leaf surface. The rate of electron transport dependant on CO₂ uptake (assimilative electron flow) was calculated from the gross photosynthetic rate in a leaf. The difference between the rates of total and assimilative electron transport was denoted as the rate of non-assimilative electron transport which depends on photorespiration and oxygen reduction. Available data provided quantitative information on the rate of non-assimilative electron flow in intact leaves. When leaf photosynthesis ofA. palmatum was measured under sunlight, the rates of total and assimilative electron transport were determined to be approximately 900 and 150 μmol equiv. e/mg Chl·h, respectively. The difference (750 μmol equiv. e/mg Chl·h) was attributed to the activity of non-assimilative electron flow. The ratio of total to assimilative electron flow was found to increase gradually with rising in irradiance. The results suggest that non-assimilative electron flow occurred at much higher rate than assimilative electron flow at high irradiance. Implications of the results are briefly discussed in relation to photosynthesis limitation in tree leaves.     

碱蓬和盐地碱蓬花粉形态研究及其在分类上的贡献

借助光学显微镜和扫描电镜研究了碱蓬属2种植物碱蓬和盐地碱蓬的花粉形态，并对不同生境条件下盐地碱蓬4变式的花粉形态进行了对比研究，研究结果表明：花粉粒外部形态成球形；大小在15.4-24.0μm之间；具有散萌发孔，萌发孔数量在46－55之间，萌发孔直径为3．1－5．4μm；花粉粒表面光滑，其上散布许多颗粒状小突起，萌发孔上亦有数目不等的小突起。以上数值在不同种间有较明显的差异，在盐地碱医宵同生态变式间亦有差异，但差异较小。这些细微的特性差异可为碱蓬属植物分类提供参考依据，是研究该属植物分类及生态的新资料。     

Delignification of cell walls of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Chamaecyparis obtusa</Emphasis> during alkaline nitrobenzene oxidation

To clarify the behavior of whole lignins in wood cell walls during alkaline nitrobenzene oxidation, the delignification process from cell walls in normal and compression woods of Chamaecyparis obtusa Endl. (Cupressaceae) was observed using ultraviolet and transmission electron microscopies. The lignin content conspicuously decreased to around 10% after 35min in normal wood. The lignin content in compression wood finally leveled off at aroumd 10% after 50min. In gel filtration of oxidation products in ethyl acetate, a high molecular weight fraction was prominent in extracts from the early stage of the reaction. As the oxidation progressed, the high molecular weight fraction became less prominent in both normal and compression wood. Changes in the weights of cell wall residues during reaction indicated that approximately half of the components other than lignin were also removed from the cell walls. This shows that the majority of lignin with relatively high molecular weight is removed from the cell walls together with polysaccharides in the early stage of the reaction and that further oxidative degradation occurs in solution in later stages. Only a small amount of the lignin with low molecular weight could be analyzed by gas chromatography.Parts of this report were presented at the 47th (Kochi, April 1997) and 48th (Shizuoka, April 1998) Annual Meetings of the Japan Wood Research Society, and at the Lignin Symposium, Sapporo, October 1997     

电子束技术在竹材仓储中的应用前景

基于电子束技术处理仓储竹材和竹制品,是核技术和林业产业交叉发展的高科技产业。将电子束技术引入竹子仓储加工领域,使辐照代替竹材化学防护剂,辐射能代替热能,可显著降低能源消耗,符合我国节能减排、环境友好等基本国策。文章在总结竹材γ射线辐照改性技术研究的基础上,阐述了“电子加速器及其衍生技术”引入竹材改性领域的优越性,可以替代⁶⁰Co实现辐照加工竹材,解决当前辐照技术在竹质材料领域应用的科学性问题,并提出基于电子束技术的竹材仓储加工和功能性改良发展方向,对于推动竹材仓储加工技术的升级,实现竹材电子束处理技术的高效化、精准化、规模化、市场化,具有深远的科学意义。     

双胚苗水稻种子的扫描电镜观察

以同源四倍体双胚苗水稻品系(D07-04-01)及其衍生后代(01-04-01,D07-02-01,DP07-04-01)为研究材料,利用扫描电镜技术和X射线衍射技术对稻米的垩白性状、淀粉粒的形态特征和淀粉的晶体特性进行了初步研究。研究结果表明,与其他材料相比,双胚苗二倍体品系D07-02-01的垩白粒率、垩白度和垩白大小均最小,稻米的自然横断面中部无明显辐射状,裂痕少且浅,粗短形的不规则多边形胚乳细胞与淀粉粒分布均匀,多面体状淀粉粒呈现典型的晶体结构,数目多且排列致密,球形单粒淀粉粒和块状不规则的复粒淀粉体数目比较少,相对结晶度高,直链淀粉含量低,即外观品质和食味品质均比其他四倍体品系好。     

电子束辐照对三文鱼品质的影响研究

为确定三文鱼电子束辐照的最佳剂量,以生鲜三文鱼为研究对象,采用0(未辐照)、0.5、1.0、2.0k Gy 4种不同剂量的电子束进行辐照处理,贮藏于0℃下,通过检测贮藏过程中鱼体的挥发性盐基氮、菌落总数、酸价、失重率、色差及质构等指标,研究电子束辐照剂量对三文鱼品质及其货架期的影响。结果表明,电子束辐照可以抑制三文鱼挥发性盐基氮的产生和菌落总数的增长,且辐照剂量越大,效果越明显;辐照剂量越大,贮藏初期的酸价越高,但在贮藏期间较未辐照组稳定,无明显的增大趋势;1.0 k Gy和2.0 k Gy剂量使三文鱼颜色变暗,0.5 k Gy较未辐照组差异不显著;贮藏末期,经过辐照的三文鱼的黏附性相对未辐照组小,硬度、弹性以及咀嚼性与未辐照组无显著差异,各剂量之间也无显著差异。综合各指标,0.5 k Gy剂量的电子束可以更好地保持三文鱼的品质。本研究结果为三文鱼的保鲜提供了有效的技术手段和一定的参考依据。     

龙眼果皮微细结构的扫描电镜观察及其与果实耐贮性的关系

龙眼果实极不耐贮藏，采后极易失水、褐变和腐烂。无包装的福眼龙眼在(10±1)℃、50%RH下贮藏1d，果实失重5.84%，果皮失水13.59%，果皮开始褐变；贮藏2 d时果实失重10.37%，果皮失水26.40%，大部分果皮发生褐变；果皮褐变与果实失重、果皮失水都呈极显著正相关(P＜0.01)；果实失水主要发生在果皮而不是果。0.015 mm厚的聚乙烯薄膜袋密封包装可极显著(P＜0.01)地减少果实失重和果皮褐变。用扫描电镜观察龙眼果皮结构，发现其果皮由外果皮、中果皮和内果皮组成。外果皮周皮层薄；外果皮表面栓质少，未形成连续的栓质层；外果皮表面有许多相互连接的微裂口和形状、大小不同的皮孔；中果皮细胞间隙多、空隙大；皮孔通道与中果皮细胞间隙相通。龙眼果蒂部由维管束、石细胞和通气组织组成，具有大的细胞间隙和胞间腔。这些显微结构易引起采后果实失水、果皮褐变和病原微生物侵染，从而导致果实耐藏性和抗病性差。讨论了龙眼外果皮表面主色为褐色和内果皮比外果皮更容易褐变的解剖学原因及龙眼果皮结构与果实保鲜的关系。     

60Co-γ射线和电子束辐照灭菌对葛根提取物抗氧化活性及指纹图谱的影响

为评价⁶⁰Co-γ射线和电子束辐照灭菌对葛根提取物品质的影响效应及其差异性,采用不同剂量的⁶⁰Co-γ射线(0、2.8、5.7、8.3、10.6 kGy)和电子束(0、2.4、5.1、7.7、10.3 kGy)辐照处理葛根提取物,研究辐照对其微生物总数、抗氧化活性及指纹图谱的影响。结果表明,⁶⁰Co-γ射线和电子束辐照均能有效降低葛根提取物中需氧菌总数、霉菌和酵母菌总数,随着吸收剂量增大,抑制作用增强。⁶⁰Co-γ射线和电子束辐照吸收剂量分别为5.7 kGy和5.1 kGy时,葛根提取物均达到《中国药典》所规定的微生物限度标准(需氧菌总数为10³ CFU·g^-1、霉菌和酵母菌总数为10² CFU·g^-1);吸收剂量分别为5.7 kGy和7.7 kGy时,需氧菌总数、霉菌和酵母菌总数均降至10 CFU·g^-1以下。此外,大肠埃希氏菌(Escherichia coli)与沙门氏菌(Salmonella)均未检出。2种辐照方式均对葛根提取物的DPPH自由基(DPPH·)清除率、羟自由基(·OH)清除率以及总还原能力无显著影响(P>0.05)。不同剂量⁶⁰Co-γ射线和电子束辐照处理葛根提取物特征峰的相似度达到1.0,且相对保留时间的相对标准差(RSD)均小于0.5%,表明2种辐照方式对葛根提取物指纹图谱均无显著影响(P>0.05)。综上所述,⁶⁰Co-γ射线和电子束辐照对葛根提取物微生物具有较强的抑制作用,2种辐照方式均不会对葛根提取物的抗氧化活性及指纹图谱产生显著影响,不影响葛根提取物的有效性及质量稳定性。该研究为2种辐照技术,特别是电子束辐照在葛根药材、饮片及其中成药制剂灭菌中的合理应用提供了科学参考。     

苹果浓缩汁二次混浊物的形态分析

通过苹果浓缩汁二次混浊物的形态分析以及浊度测定,初步确定混浊物的化学成分,为果汁生产、贮存中混浊的控制提供依据。将二次混浊果汁和后混浊果汁经乙酸双氧铀负染,观察其在透射式电镜下的形态并测定其浊度。结果表明：苹果浓缩汁经-18℃,冷冻8～10h处理后,苹果浓缩汁混浊减轻;再煮沸冷冻的果汁,混浊增加;二次混浊苹果浓缩汁形成的颗粒经乙酸双氧铀负染在透射式电镜下有蛋白质球状颗粒和链状的多酚类颗粒,或自身聚合或相互聚合形成大的颗粒;贮藏6个月的苹果浓缩汁后混浊比二次混浊严重。初步确定苹果浓缩汁的二次混浊物主要是蛋白质和酚类以及两者自身或相互聚合的产物。     

用于生物降解膜的聚己内酯与聚乳酸共混物制备及性能分析

聚乳酸农用薄膜在自然条件下能够降解为CO2和H2O,可以有效地避免传统农用薄膜废弃后造成的土壤和环境污染。将聚己内酯与聚乳酸共混可以改善聚乳酸脆性强和韧性差的特点。该文将不同质量比例的聚己内酯(polycaprolactone,PCL)和聚乳酸(polylactic acid,PLA)熔融共混后通过注射成型工艺制备了农业薄膜用PCL/PLA共混物,研究了PCL与PLA配比对共混物力学性能、热稳定性、结晶熔融行为以及表面润湿性的影响。结果表明:随着PCL含量增加,共混物的拉伸强度逐渐下降,而拉伸断裂伸长率和冲击强度则先增大后减小。PCL质量分数为50%时,共混物拉伸断裂伸长率和冲击强度分别达到最大值11.2%和6.4 KJ/m2;扫描电镜分析显示,PCL与PLA相容差,聚酯连续相种类及优势共同主导力学性能走向;热重分析表明,PCL的引入有效减缓了共混物热解速率,PLA质量分数增加共混物燃烧成炭率增大;差示扫描量热法分析表明,相对于PCL和PLA,PCL/PLA共混物玻璃化转化温度、熔融温度和结晶温度均产生了变化,但二者配料比对3种温度影响不明显;接触角分析表明,PCL/PLA共混物接触角相比于PCL和PLA均有所增大,水润湿性能不同程度的降低。综合考虑,PCL与PLA最佳质量比为50∶50。研究可为农业薄膜用聚己内酯与聚乳酸共混物的制备提供依据。