Study of kernel structure of high-amylose and wild-type rice by X-ray microtomography and SEM

Rice kernels of a transgenic high-amylose rice line and its wild type were examined by a high-resolution X-ray microtomography (XMT) and an environmental scanning electron microscope. Two-dimensional (2-D) cross-sectional images and 3-D objects from XMT were reconstructed and analyzed to elucidate their structural features. The lack of two isoforms of starch branching enzyme, termed SBEI and SBEIIb in high-amylose rice (HAR), resulted in a distinctly different grain inner density than wild-type rice (WTR). HAR had smaller, elongated starch granules with air spaces inside the kernels resulting in an opaque grain, whereas WTR had a tight endosperm with little air space and polygonal starch granules. XMT allowed a full 3-D characterization of the rice kernel structure and revealed that air space distribution was not uniform in the HAR kernel.     

稻田甲烷代谢及其对电子受体的响应

稻田是主要的甲烷排放源之一,其代谢过程及减排策略研究日益受到关注.本文综述了稻田甲烷代谢及其对电子受体响应的最新研究进展.结果表明,稻田甲烷代谢过程因环境条件的改变具有明显的变异性;电子受体主要是通过对甲烷产生和氧化的综合影响,最终控制着土壤甲烷排放;施肥和水分管理均会调节电子受体对甲烷代谢过程的影响.     

Frozen bread dough: Effects of freezing storage and dough improvers

This review focuses on the effects of freezing storage on the microstructure and baking performance of frozen doughs, and provides an overview of the activities of dough improvers, including emulsifiers, hydrocolloids and other improvers used in frozen dough applications. The overall quality of bread baked from frozen dough deteriorates as the storage of the dough at sub-zero temperatures increases due to several factors which are discussed. Lipid-related emulsifiers such as diacetyl tartaric acid esters of mono and diglycerides and sucrose esters employed as anti-staling agents, dough modifiers, shortening sparing agents, and as improvers for the production of high-protein bread have also been employed in frozen doughs. Hydrocolloids are gaining importance in the baking industry as dough improvers due to their ability to induce structural changes in the main components of wheat flour systems during breadmaking steps and bread storage Their effects in frozen doughs is discussed. Other dough improvers, such as ascorbic acid, honey and green tea extract, are also reviewed in the context of frozen doughs.     

Effects of Salinity Stress on the Seminal Root Tip Ultrastructures of Rice Seedlings (Oryza sativa L.)

Abstract

Growth and structural changes in the seminal root tip of rice seedlings (Oryza sativa L. cv. Nipponbare) in response to NaCl salinity were studied. Seedlings were grown in agar medium with 0, 0.1, 0.3, 1.0, 2.0 and 3.0% NaCl(agar culture), and in water with 0, 0.01, 0.03, 0.06 and 0.1% NaCl (water culture). Seedling growth was significantly suppressed by higher concentrations of NaCl. The effect of NaCl appeared faster in water culture than in agar culture. In both agar and water cultures, root growth was markedly suppressed over shoot growth. Under saline conditions, epidermis, cortex and root cap cells appear to be damaged to a greater extent than the meristem and stelar cells. The most notable ultrastructural change in response to salinity was the development and increment of vacuoles, which seem to provide a space for accumulation of excess ions. Many electron dense deposits were observed in the larger vacuoles of the epidermal and cortical cells. Under saline conditions, cell wall thickening of the epidermis, an increase in endoplasmic reticulum, myelin figures, less compact Golgi bodies and inhibited production of Golgi vesicles were also observed.     

三种叶蝉触角化感器扫描电镜观察

采用扫描电子显微镜对黑尾叶蝉Nephotettix cincticeps(Uhler)、甘蔗叶蝉Exitianus indicus(Distant)和尼氏铲头叶蝉Hecalus nitobei(Matsumura)3种叶蝉昆虫成虫触角感器进行了观察。结果表明,3种叶蝉触角上有1种毛形感器、1种鳞形感器,其感器数量和分布在雌雄两性个体间相似。     

一株耐镉假单胞杆菌的分离鉴定及其对镉的吸附研究

从污染水域筛选获得了1株可在含有100 mg/L Cd2+的培养基上生长的耐镉菌株Cd-t1。通过形态观察、16S r DNA扩增及系统发育分析,将其初步鉴定为嗜碱性假单胞菌(Pseudomonas alcaliphila)。不同Cd2+浓度处理下菌株的生长曲线显示,各浓度Cd2+处理延缓了该菌株的生长时期。进一步利用扫描电镜、能谱分析与质粒消除试验发现,该菌株的Cd2+耐受性与其形态适应性变化和C、N、O、P、Na、K、Ca等元素含量的改变相关,并决定于质粒上的镉耐受基因。     

小殖盘吸虫和长菲策吸虫体被超微结构

本文为小殖盘吸虫和长菲策吸虫体被的两种电镜观察。两虫前端的口吸盘和生殖吸盘或腹袋孔间有大量无纤毛圆锥型乳突。小殖盘吸虫和长菲策吸虫体表无棘,皮层较厚,分别为13.33～19.33和16.05～19.33μm。皮层含近百列分泌小体,但无线粒体。长菲策吸虫腹袋皮层薄,为2.71～3.21μm。文中对同盘吸虫皮层超微结构特点和反刍兽瘤胃内环境进行了讨论。     

半闭弯尾姬蜂触角感觉器的超微结构研究

采用扫描电镜观察了半闭弯尾姬蜂触角表面的超微形态．结果表明,在雌、雄蜂的触角上共存在着7种感觉器,分别为毛形感觉器、刺形感觉器、板形感觉器、Boehm氏鬃毛、柱形感觉器、锥形感觉器、钟形感觉器．对触角感觉器的形态、分布进行了描述,并对两性间的差异进行了讨论。     

养殖对虾流行性暴发病中的杆状病毒与枝原体的合并感染(英文)

报道了养殖中国对虾肝胰腺及中肠上皮细胞中的多种微生物病原体的合并感染。濒死病虾体表甲壳均有许多浊白色斑点,有些对虾肝胰腺出现萎缩,有些肿胀甚至糜烂。肠器官无明显表观病理症状。透射电镜观察显示,患病对虾中肠及肝胰腺上皮细胞细胞质和细胞核中有严重的杆状病毒和丝状枝原体的双重感染。丝状枝原体仅在中肠上皮细胞的胞质和核周腔中发现。