一种多点土壤电导率实时监测系统的研制

为获取建立溶质运移模型所需的土壤溶质浓度参数,根据土壤溶液电导率与溶液浓度c的线性关系,应用电流电压四端法,研制出一种多点土壤电导率实时监测系统。该系统硬件部分自行设计的四针微型探头可减小对溶质运移的扰动,且可高密度分布在土壤中;连接8路电导率探头和1路温度探头的高精度数据采集器DAB能够实现8通道土壤电导率测量及温度辅助测量,并可通过485总线接口实现系统规模的扩展。采用VC开发的监测显示平台能够完成采集器参数设置,数据采集、显示与存储功能。通过对采集器通道和探头的标定,有效解决了多点土壤电导率实时监测的一致性问题。标定试验结果表明,数据采集器8通道电导测量值与标准电导的相关系数为0.999 5,表明通道标定后有效提高了其测量准确度,减小了各通道测量差异;通道标定后采集器各通道测量的标准溶液电导G与其电导率σ具有良好的线性关系,但不同电导率条件下探头的测量结果存在较为明显的偏差,说明探头制作过程引起的结构差异不可忽略,进而采用分段标定方法对每一个探头的结构常数进行标定。     

转基因棉对棉蚜繁殖与取食行为的影响

对棉蚜在转Bt基因棉、双价棉及常规棉上的生命表进行研究，结果表明，双价棉上棉蚜的内禀增长率显低于转Bt基因棉及常规棉，表现出明显的抗蚜性。分析棉蚜在不同类型棉株上取食行为的刺探电位，结果表明，转Bt棉和双价棉上的棉蚜取食行为存在显差异：转Bt棉上的棉蚜寻食和口针在叶肉细胞外的运动时间均短于双价棉上的，而口针在韧皮部筛管内分泌唾液和吸取植株养分的时间却显长于双价棉上的，这种差异反映出两种转基因棉抗蚜性的差异。     

Relationship between parameters of electrical impedance spectroscopy and frost hardiness in stems and needles of Pinus bungeana

We studied the frost hardiness (FH) in stems and needles of different Pinus bungeana provenances during frost hardening by means of electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and conventional electrolytic leakage (EL) and compared the regression equations of the two methods in order to optimize the EIS method for studying FH on plants. During frost hardening, EIS and EL were applied to one-year old stems and needles of P. bungeana in an 8-year provenance field trial at the Thirteen Tombs Nursery in Beijing within the provenances of Mangshan of Beijing, Liangdang of Gansu and Xiaoyi of Shanxi provinces, China. A double-DCE model and Model-A were used, respectively, for the EIS analysis of stems and needles that were not exposed to a controlled freezing treatment. After controlled freezing tests, the FH of stems and needles were assessed by EIS and EL. Without controlled freezing tests, the relaxation time (τ ₁) of stems and the specific intracellular resistance (r _i) of stems and needles displayed a statistically significant correlation with FH (R ² = 0.79–0.86); after controlled freezing tests, specific extracellular resistance (r _e) of the stems and needles, the cell membrane time constant (τ _m) of needles displayed an even higher correlation with FH (R ² = 0.92–0.94). There were significant relationship between EIS and EL in assessing the FH of stems and needles of P. bungeana, but EIS underestimated FH more than EL did. EIS is one of the more promising methods for assessing FH, especially without employing a controlled freezing test. __________ Translated from Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2008, 44(4): 28–34 [译自:林业 科学]     

基于EPG技术的棉蚜抗性指标筛选

本文以研究不同抗性水平的棉花材料上棉蚜的取食行为及与其生长发育的关系,筛选可作为棉花抗蚜鉴定指标的刺探电位图谱（Electrical penetration graph,EPG）参数为目的。采用生物测定的方法比较了棉蚜在不同棉花品种上的生长发育参数,利用EPG技术对不同抗性水平棉花上棉蚜的取食行为进行分析,并对生长发育参数与主要的EPG参数进行相关性分析。棉蚜室内生测结果表明,棉蚜在4种高抗品种（辽5632-642、TYJ-98-6、锦454和中G5）上的存活率、产仔数、内禀增长率均较中抗和高感品种低。EPG监测结果显示,在高抗品种上,Np波总次数与总时间均显著高于其他品种,第1次刺探时间靠后且持续时间长,C波和E2波总时间较短,F波和E1波总时间长且次数多;在中抗品种中棉所49(CCRI 49)、中棉所79(CCRI 79)和雷克斯（光叶）上,F波总次数和总时间均较低;在中抗品种非洲E-40和高感品种辽棉6号上,Np波总次数与总时间均低于其他品种,C波总时间与E2波总时间长。结果表明抗性棉花材料对棉蚜生长发育有不利的影响,Np波总次数、E1波总次数、第1次刺探出现时间等5个EPG参数...     

Sennoside content and yield attributes of Cassia angustifolia Vahl. as affected by NaCl and CaCl2

Pot culture experiments were conducted to assess the extent of growth, photosynthetic capacity, sennoside concentration and yield attributes of Senna plant under the individual as well as combined influence of NaCl and CaCl₂. Six treatments, i.e. NaCl (80 and 160 mM), CaCl₂ (5 and 10 mM) alone and a combination of NaCl + CaCl₂ (80 + 10 and 160 + 10 mM) were given to the growing Senna plants at pre-flowering (45 DAS), flowering (75 DAS) and post-flowering (90 DAS) stages. Significant reductions were observed in pod biomass, leaf area, stomatal conductance, photosynthetic rate and sennoside concentration and yield, with each NaCl treatment. On the contrary, individual CaCl₂ treatments had a favourable effect. Under the effect of combination treatments, although these parameters were reduced, the extent of reduction was much less than one caused by NaCl treatments. The combined treatments thus mitigated the adverse effects caused by NaCl.     

基于ECT图像重建算法的多相流检测研究

由于电容层析成像(ECT)图像重建的经典算法Landweber迭代法具有半收敛性,从而限制了其在多相流检测中的广泛应用。为了解决这一问题,从数学角度对Landweber法的半收敛性进行分析证明,并找到其物理本质原因。通过构造压缩算子提出一种全收敛的Landweber法,使得该方法具有稳定的收敛特性。同时,对ECT敏感场的软场特性进行分析,针对忽略软场特性所导致的经典Landweber法对不同流型的最佳迭代次数不一致的问题,利用最小二乘支持向量机对一定数量的图像样本进行训练,从而得到一个先验条件,并基于该先验条件提出一种自适应的迭代停止判据,实现在图像重建结果最接近多相流实际分布时停止迭代。仿真结果表明,改进后的方法不仅具有稳定收敛性,而且与Landweber法相比,图像重建精度可提高16%~50%。     

Effects of dietary levan on growth performance,nonspecific immunity,pathogen resistance and body composition of orange‐spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides H.)

This study investigated the effects of levan produced by Bacillus licheniformis FRI MY‐55 on growth performance, intestinal count of viable bacteria, immune status, pathogen resistance and body composition of orange‐spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides). Orange‐spotted grouper were fed diets supplemented with levan at concentrations of 0 (control), 5.0, 10.0, 25.0 and 50.0 g kg^?1 for 12 weeks. The final weight and per cent weight gain were significantly higher in the 25.0 g kg^?1 levan‐supplemented group than in the control group (p < 0.05). All levan‐supplemented diets significantly decreased the count of total viable aerobic bacteria and Vibrio spp. in the intestines of groupers (p < 0.05). Serum total protein levels, globulin levels, lysozyme activity and survival rate of orange‐spotted grouper after challenge with V. harveyi were significantly higher in the 25.0 g kg^?1 levan‐supplemented group than in the control group (p < 0.05). This study also found that the 10.0, 25.0 and 50.0 g kg^?1 levan‐supplemented diets significantly increased the crude protein level in the body composition of orange‐spotted grouper. Overall, the results of this study indicate that dietary levan (25.0 g kg^?1) could be an effective method for enhancing the growth performance and disease resistance in orange‐spotted grouper.     

蚯蚓对电刺激的响应及其与蚯蚓粪胁迫分离的参数量化

蚯蚓与蚯蚓粪快速高效分离是规模化蚯蚓生物消解农业废弃物的关键技术环节。针对目前电刺激分离蚯蚓方法在实际生产应用中缺乏相关定量参数等问题,该研究探讨了蚯蚓分离率对电刺激方式、强度、通断电循环周期时长、通电时长及电刺激耦合物料含水率、物料厚度等因子的响应关系,并分析了电刺激对蚯蚓生理生化指标的影响。结果表明,电刺激可促进蚯蚓与蚓粪分离,间歇式电刺激方式较持续式电刺激具有更好的分离效果;间歇式电刺激方式下,蚯蚓分离率与电刺激强度、通断电循环周期时长、通电时长均呈显著的开口向下一元二次抛物线关系,蚯蚓生长的物料含水率适宜值为52.60%,物料厚度越小,越有利于电刺激分离率的提高;电刺激处理对蚯蚓体内过氧化氢酶、超氧化物歧化酶、乙酰胆碱酯酶、纤维素酶、可溶性蛋白含量无显著影响,但显著提高了丙二醛含量,蚯蚓经过5 d的恢复性驯养后,丙二醛含量可恢复至对照处理水平;综合蚯蚓分离率、技术参数易操作性等,采用间歇式电刺激方式分离蚯蚓,设计电刺激强度2 mA、通断电周期时长30 s、通电时长1 s,控制物料含水率50%左右、物料厚度20～25 cm,辅助210 lx白光光照,电刺激作业时间30 min,蚯蚓分离效率可达85%左右。研究可为快速高效分离蚯蚓活体与蚯蚓粪的设备研发与应用提供参考。     

电刺激和延迟冷却对宰后牛肉肌原纤维Troponin-T降解的影响

为了探讨牛肉嫩化的机理,选择24头24月龄,体重约500 kg杂交牛（鲁西黄牛×西门塔尔）随机分成4组,在宰前或宰后分别进行以下4种处理：常规预冷组,延迟冷却组,电刺激处理组,电刺激和延迟冷却处理组。用SDS-PAGE和蛋白免疫印迹的方法比较分析了4种处理牛肉成熟1,3,7,10 d其肌原纤维骨架蛋白Troponin-T的降解情况。结果表明：与常规冷却组相比,电刺激处理在1、3、7 d时显著加快了Troponin-T的降解,而10d时差异不显著;延迟冷却处理在1、3 d时显著加快了Troponin-T的降解,而7、10 d时差异不显著;1、3d时延迟冷却对Troponin-T的降解影响比电刺激显著,而7、10 d时则是电刺激比较显著;电刺激和延迟冷却处理的结合对Troponin-T降解的影响比电刺激处理组、延迟冷却处理组显著。综上可见,延迟冷却、电刺激无论在速度和数量上显著加快了Troponin-T的降解,加快了牛肉成熟,缩短了成熟时间,且二者有协同作用。     

Different Levels of Irrigation Water Salinity and Biochar Influence on Faba Bean Yield,Water Productivity,and Ions Uptake

Greenhouse experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of different levels of irrigation water salinity (0.5, 2.5, 5 and 7.5 dS m^?1) and wheat straw biochar (0%, 1.25%, 2.5%, and 3.75% w/w) on growth and yield of faba been using complete randomized design with three replications. Stomatal conductance (green canopy temperature) of faba bean increased (decreased) by application of biochar at each salinity level. The results showed increasing salinity to 2.5 dS m^?1 at zero biochar application increased the seed yield through osmotic adjustment, while by declining the osmotic potential, the nutritional values of biochar caused the seed yield to increase by increasing salinity to 5 dS m^?1. The root length density and root dry weight density in 0–8 cm soil layer declined under application of 3.75% w/w biochar in all salinity levels in comparison with that obtained in 2.5% w/w biochar, due to higher saline condition of the soil as result of higher biochar application. The results showed that addition of 2.5% w/w biochar can significantly mitigate salinity stress due to its high salt sorption capacity and by increasing potassium/sodium ratio in the soil. In general, since 2.5 % w/w biochar and salinity of 5 dS m^?1 increased dry seed yield and irrigation water productivity compared with that obtained in control (B₀S_0.5), these levels are recommended to improve faba bean growth and yield; however, these levels have to be evaluated under field conditions.