农村户用型智能微电网设计与实现

针对目前中国广大农村地区供电可靠性及电能质量差等供电难题,该文提出了一种基于当地分布式能源结构特点,广泛吸纳分布式能源的新型户用微电网供电模式,并给出了较为详细的设计方案。同时,考虑到系统维护的现实情况,采用组态软件及SQL server数据库设计了一套基于GPRS网络的远程监测控制和数据采集（SCADA）系统,由专业人员进行远程监控。基于该方案设计的微电网系统已先后在某农场和某农村投入运行,结果表明该户用型微电网运行稳定,能够广泛吸纳分布式能源,解决农村供电难题,为农村地区提供可靠、优质的电力供应。     

微量元素对沼气厌氧发酵的影响

厌氧发酵是一项多种微生物参与的处理有机废弃物的技术,目前正成为处理、利用城市垃圾、工业有机废水、畜禽粪便和污水厂剩余污泥最有效、前景最广阔的手段之一。在此过程中微生物生长不仅需要碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)、硫(S)等大量元素,而且需要多种微量元素。微量元素是维持厌氧微生物生长代谢和厌氧发酵酶系统活性的重要组成成分。微量元素铁(Fe)、钴(Co)、镍(Ni)等能够促进产甲烷菌的生长和激活酶的活性,进而加快甲烷的生物合成。微量元素的刺激和拮抗作用对沼气工程的稳定运行起重要作用,在其他影响厌氧发酵的因素都正常的条件下,其不足往往会是导致厌氧发酵系统运行稳定性和产气量下降的首要原因。该文一方面对微量元素在厌氧发酵系统中的生物效应,产甲烷菌对微量元素的需求,微量元素在甲烷合成途径中的作用进行了归纳;另一方面还着重对Fe、Co、Ni等微量元素对厌氧发酵的影响的国内外研究现状进行了总结,其不仅能够提高挥发性脂肪酸转化效率,消除挥发性脂肪酸的累积现象,提高甲烷产气量,而且能够拮抗钠离子、氨氮等的抑制作用,进一步维持厌氧发酵的稳定运行。然而高固体有机废弃物厌氧发酵过程中对微量元素的需求量的研究还不健全,而且当前外源添加微量元素潜在的环境风险也认识不足。通过综述微量元素对厌氧发酵的影响可能会对维持沼气工程的稳定运行有着一定的借鉴意义。     

储粮害虫检测新技术及应用现状

储粮害虫的检测是粮食储藏部门的研究热点。害虫种类的正确识别是粮食管理人员进行害虫综合防治的必要依据。文章扼要评述了几种储粮害虫检测的新方法：声测法、近红外光谱法、X射线法、电导法、微波雷达检测法、图像识别法和电子鼻法,并展望了未来的发展趋势,为更好地进行储粮害虫检测提供了新思路。     

基于电学参数的货架期红巴梨无损检测

以红巴梨为材料,利用HIOKI 3532-50型LCR测量仪和自制平行板铜电极,在100 Hz～5 MHz频率范围,对果实7 d货架期电学参数的变化进行无损伤测定,研究其与果实品质指标硬度、可溶性固形物含量的相关性,基于此找到与红巴梨果实成熟衰老相关的电学参数,并筛选出电指标最佳测试频率。结果表明,随着测试频率升高,果实阻抗和电感呈幂函数递减,电容和电导呈不规则变化。随着货架期延长,果实阻抗和电感显著下降（P=0.01）,电容和电导呈上升趋势。100 Hz～1 MHz范围内,随测试频率升高,果实阻抗、电感和电容与果实硬度相关性逐渐增大,相关系数分别由100 Hz时的0.45、0.45、0.37升高到1 MHz时的0.84、0.83、0.73,高于1 MHz时相关性下降或变化不大。果实阻抗、电容和电感可以作为标志红巴梨果实成熟衰老的电学指标,1 MHz为最佳测试频率。     

Critical values of alternative organic amendments on kiwi seedling growth

The present research was conducted to explore the impact of alternative organic amendments on physicochemical properties of soil and their critical value for kiwi seedlings growth. The experiment was laid out in completely randomized design with 3 replications and 20 seedlings per replication. The highest pH (8.0) was recorded in T3 (compost + silt) and the highest electrical conductivity (EC) of 5.91 dS/m, organic matter (24.11%), organic carbon (13.99%), organic nitrogen (1.51%) were recorded in T8 (compost + peat moss (PM) + leaf manure) and the highest soil porosity (SP) (45.95%) and lowest bulk density (0.67) were recorded in T4 (PM + garden soil (GS)). EC higher than 1.99 and SP (45.95%) were found critical and adversely affected seedling survival. The highest plant height (103 and 93 cm), number of leaves (23 and 20), number of first-order lateral roots (NFLRM) (9 and 8.5), whole seedling fresh mass (75 and 72 g), fresh root mass (FRM) (35 and 35 g), shoot fresh mass (46 and 40 g), root collar diameter (RCD) (13 and 12 mm), and shoot diameter (10 and 9 mm) were recorded in T5 (compost + GS) and T7 (compost + PM + GS). Strong and positive correlations were observed among NFLRP, RFM, and RCD (R² = 0.89 and 0.96) and all the above-ground seedling traits (R² = 0.86–0.98). It is concluded that compost is a good soil amendment for producing good quality graftable kiwi seedlings and evaluation of seedling root system architecture could be used to predict the potential and success of seedlings in the field.     

基于ECT图像重建算法的多相流检测研究

由于电容层析成像(ECT)图像重建的经典算法Landweber迭代法具有半收敛性,从而限制了其在多相流检测中的广泛应用。为了解决这一问题,从数学角度对Landweber法的半收敛性进行分析证明,并找到其物理本质原因。通过构造压缩算子提出一种全收敛的Landweber法,使得该方法具有稳定的收敛特性。同时,对ECT敏感场的"软场"特性进行分析,针对忽略"软场"特性所导致的经典Landweber法对不同流型的最佳迭代次数不一致的问题,利用最小二乘支持向量机对一定数量的图像样本进行训练,从而得到一个先验条件,并基于该先验条件提出一种自适应的迭代停止判据,实现在图像重建结果最接近多相流实际分布时停止迭代。仿真结果表明,改进后的方法不仅具有稳定收敛性,而且与Landweber法相比,图像重建精度可提高16%~50%。     

日光温室小型水肥一体灌溉机设计及其控制模型的建立

针对北方地区日光温室栽培面积小以及环境变化与栽培管理要求,设计了一种基于吸肥器的小型灌溉施肥机。首先,通过吸肥器的排布、三条支路管道结构和混肥装置结构等研究,建立了小型水肥一体灌溉机的优化结构,实现了肥料和水的两次混合,达到提高混肥效率,减少水肥混合时间的目的;然后通过山崎母液配方,研究两路母液/一路酸液与EC/p H的关系模型,试验结果表明:与实测值相比,模型预测得到的EC值相对误差的平均值为2%,最大值为4.2%,p H的相对误差的平均值为3%,最大值为4.7%,以上试验结果说明,灌溉机结构设计合理,可实现营养液的精准化控制,为日光温室蔬菜的标准化管理奠定基础。     

Artificial neural network and time series models for predicting soil salt and water content

Volumetric water content of a silt loam soil (fluvo-aquic soil) in North China Plain was measured in situ by L-520 neutron probe (made in China) at three depths in the crop rootzone during a lysimeter experiment from 2001 to 2006. The electrical conductivity of the soil water (EC_sw) was measured by salinity sensors buried in the soil during the same period at 10, 20, 45 and 70 cm depth below soil surface. These data were used to test two mathematical procedures to predict water content and soil water salinity at depths of interest: all the available data were divided into training and testing datasets, then back propagation neural networks (BPNNs) were optimized by sensitivity analysis to minimizing the performance error, and then were finally used to predict soil water and EC_sw. In order to meet with the prerequisite of autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model, firstly, original soil water content and EC_sw time series were likewise transformed to obtain stationary series. Subsequently, the transformed time series were used to conduct analysis in frequency domain to obtain the parameters of the ARIMA models for the purposes of using the ARIMA model to predict soil water content and EC_sw. Based on the statistical parameters used to assess model performance, the BPNN model performed better in predicting the average water content than the ARIMA model: coefficient of determination (R²) = 0.8987, sum of squares error (SSE) = 0.000009, and mean absolute error (MAE) = 0.000967 for BPNN as compared to R² = 0.8867, SSE = 0.000043, MAE = 0.002211 for ARIMA. The BPNN model also performed better than the ARIMA model in predicting average EC_sw of soil profile. However, the ARIMA model performed better than the BPNN models in predicting soil water content at the depth of 20 cm and EC_sw at the depth of 10 cm below soil surface. Overall, the model developed by BPNN network showed its advantage of less parameter input, nonlinearity, simple model structure and good prediction of soil EC_sw and water content, and it gave an alternative method in forecasting soil water and salt dynamics to those based on deterministic models based on Richards’ equation and Darcy's law provided climatic, cropping patterns, salinity of the irrigation water and irrigation management are very similar from one year to the next.     

业扩报装优化系统设计

通过对业扩报装中用电负荷分类进行分析、归纳,从制定经济、合理、便于管理的供电方式以及设计供电方案会签系统两个方面进行论证,以期提高业扩部门的工作效率和制定出更为经济合理且便于管理的供电方案,最终提高供电部门的科学管理和决策水平,满足市场多元化的需求。     

低温胁迫对木槿电导率和抗氧化酶活性的影响

为探讨木槿在寒冷环境下的生长状况,通过对木槿插穗沙藏后的不同低温处理,测定了电导率、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)等指标并进行了分析,并对低温处理后的枝条进行萌芽试验。结果表明:随着温度的降低,所有木槿品种的电导率数值升高;B_3、B_5、X的数值上升缓慢,不同温度间的数值差较小:SOD活性先升高后下降,B_3、X与其它品种差异显著(P0.05);B_3、B_5、X三个品种随着温度的下降,CAT活性先上升后缓慢下降,B3和其它品种的差异显著(P0.05);所有品种随着温度的降低POD活性先升高后下降,B3和其它品种的差异显著(P0.05)。B_3、X在抵御冷害方面能力较强。