紫外吸收法、电导率法检验大白菜种子活力的研究

通过人工老化种子和不同年代种子具有的活力不同,以发芽指数为活力参考标准来探索种子浸泡液电导率测定法和紫外吸收测定法是否适合大白菜种子活力的快速检测.结果表明:大白菜种子紫外区随着波长的缩短吸收值增大,但经玻璃比色杯滤过后会在286 nm下显示吸收峰,随着种子活力的降低286 nm下的OD值呈上升趋势,对发芽率高于85％的种子适用,而对于活力过低的种子检验不可靠;随着种子活力的降低电导率呈上升趋势,但对活力差异较小的种子间检验不可靠.因此,对发芽率合格范围内的种子可以根据286 nm(玻璃比色皿)紫外吸收值评价大白菜种子活力的高低,其他的种子可参考电导率值比较种子活力.     

Simulation of transpiration, drainage, N uptake, nitrate leaching, and N uptake concentration in tomato grown in open substrate

Free-drainage or “open” substrate system used for vegetable production in greenhouses is associated with appreciable NO₃⁻ leaching losses and drainage volumes. Simulation models of crop N uptake, N leaching, water use and drainage of crops in these systems will be useful for crop and water resource management, and environmental assessment. This work (i) modified the TOMGRO model to simulate N uptake for tomato grown in greenhouses in SE Spain, (ii) modified the PrHo model to simulate transpiration of tomato grown in substrate and (iii) developed an aggregated model combining TOMGRO and PrHo to calculate N uptake concentrations and drainage NO₃⁻ concentration. The component models simulate NO₃⁻-N leached by subtracting simulated N uptake from measured applied N, and drainage by subtracting simulated transpiration from measured irrigation. Three tomato crops grown sequentially in free-draining rock wool in a plastic greenhouse were used for calibration and validation. Measured daily transpiration was determined by the water balance method from daily measurements of irrigation and drainage. Measured N uptake was determined by N balance, using data of volumes and of concentrations of NO₃⁻ and NH₄⁺ in applied nutrient solution and drainage. Accuracy of the two modified component models and aggregated model was assessed by comparing simulated to measured values using linear regression analysis, comparison of slope and intercept values of regression equations, and root mean squared error (RMSE) values. For the three crops, the modified TOMGRO provided accurate simulations of cumulative crop N uptake, (RMSE = 6.4, 1.9 and 2.6% of total N uptake) and NO₃⁻-N leached (RMSE = 11.0, 10.3, and 6.1% of total NO₃⁻-N leached). The modified PrHo provided accurate simulation of cumulative transpiration (RMSE = 4.3, 1.7 and 2.4% of total transpiration) and cumulative drainage (RMSE = 13.8, 6.9, 7.4% of total drainage). For the four cumulative parameters, slopes and intercepts of the linear regressions were mostly not statistically significant (P < 0.05) from one and zero, respectively, and coefficient of determination (r²) values were 0.96-0.98. Simulated values of total drainage volumes for the three crops were +21, +1 and −13% of measured total drainage volumes. The aggregated TOMGRO-PrHo model generally provided accurate simulation of crop N uptake concentration after 30-40 days of transplanting, with an average RMSE of approximately 2 mmol L⁻¹. Simulated values of average NO₃⁻ concentration in drainage, obtained with the aggregated model, were −7, +18 and +31% of measured values.     

棉种介电分选的试验研究

介电分选是一种新型的种子分选方法,具有结构简单、适应性强、分选效果好和可按种子活力进行分级的特点.电导率是反映种子活力的一个重要指标,分选电压是影响介电分选效果的一个重要因素,为了探讨电导率与分选电压之间的关系,介绍了棉种介电分选的原理,并在不同的分选电压条件下对棉种电导率进行了测定,同一条件下重复测定5次,所得数据用DPS统计软件进行分析处理.结果表明,分选电压对棉种电导率有影响,且回归效果显著.     

电工电子实验课程教学的思考

<电工电子技术>是机电技术应用和数控等专业必开的专业基础课,实践性较强.针对课程的现状进行分析,试从教学理念、教学内容、教学手段、考核办法等方面提出了改革思想,提出今后的实验教学改革方向,以不断提高学生的实验技能.     

Effect of electrical stunning at slaughter on the quality of farmed turbot (Psetta maxima)

Food quality aspects of farmed turbot (Psetta maxima) were compared following two methods of slaughter: the current commercial method, by immersion in an ice slurry, which is then dewatered after approximately 20 min, or by first humanely, electrically stunning the fish using a prototype commercial stunner, before immersion in an ice slurry, which is dewatered after 20 min. Quality was assessed for up to 10 days of storage on ice following slaughter. No differences were found between the slaughter methods in terms of an overall carcass quality: overall appearance, haemorrhage, damage, burst gall bladder, staining of the body cavity by leakage from the gut or damage to the spine. No detectable difference was found between the treatments using the industry standard freshness scoring system, the Quality Index Method. Both groups of fish were classified as ‘Fresh’ after 10 days of storage on ice. Using objective measurements of colour, no differences between fish from either treatment were found in fillet colour. Changes in flesh pH were similar in electrically stunned and traditionally killed fish with a mean pH (±SE) at 2 h post‐mortem of 6.80±0.027 declining to 6.44±0.032 at 24 h post‐mortem. Humane electrical stunning of turbot at slaughter neither detectably improved nor decreased product quality as measured between 1 and 10 days of storage on ice.     

拖拉机电性能虚拟综合测试系统设计与试验

基于虚拟仪器构建了拖拉机电性能综合测试系统,以满足整车条件下拖拉机电器功耗、电器部件匹配选型等研究测试需要。首先在分析拖拉机电性能测试要求的基础上,对硬件进行选型。然后设计了以美国NI cRIO控制器为核心的测试系统,实现对蓄电池和发电机端电压和电流、发动机转速、车速、温度等信号同步采集。给出了测试系统的虚拟软件设计方案,包括在数据采集器中运行的FPGA软件和实时软件,以及在上位机中的数据采集与分析软件等。最后进行了电流精度对比试验和拖拉机电性能场地实车试验,试验验证了本系统电流采样精度和工作可靠性。     

光波长、刺激时长和性别结构对龟纹瓢虫趋光性的影响

为揭示天敌昆虫趋光性中光源因子与虫源因子的作用,采用室内多向行为选择方法研究光波长、刺激时长和性别结构对龟纹瓢虫Propylea japonica趋光性的影响。结果显示:在365～630 nm波长范围内,光波长对龟纹瓢虫雌雄性比为1∶1的两性种群的趋光性有显著影响,其对365 nm处紫外光的趋光率最高,为27.90%;对625～630 nm处红光的趋光率最低,为6.50%。在120 min范围内,光刺激时长对龟纹瓢虫雌雄性比为1∶1的两性种群的趋光性有显著影响,且该影响与光波长有关。利用紫外光刺激龟纹瓢虫雌雄性比为1∶1的两性种群5 min时的趋光率(41.07%)显著高于其它刺激时长处理,且其它处理之间均无显著差异。随着光刺激时长的增加,龟纹瓢虫雌雄性比为1∶1的两性种群对紫外光、蓝光短波长的趋光率降低,对红光和黑暗处理的趋光率增加。在紫外光、蓝光、绿光及橙光处理下性别结构对龟纹瓢虫有显著影响,雌性单性种群偏嗜紫外光和绿光;雄性单性种群偏嗜绿光和橙光;雌雄性比为1∶1的两性种群偏嗜紫外光、蓝光和橙光。表明光波长是龟纹瓢虫趋光性的核心诱因,性别结构及光刺激时长具有重要的协同调控作用。     

基于EPG技术分析杭菊两主栽品种对三种菊蚜抗性及其相关抗性物质

为比较杭白菊主栽品种早、晚小洋菊对菊小长管蚜Macrosiphoniella sanborni、棉蚜Aphis gossypii、桃蚜Myzus persicae的抗性,通过刺吸电位技术(electrical penetration graph,EPG)研究菊蚜在菊顶叶上刺吸行为,并检测了菊顶叶主要化合物。结果表明:在晚小洋菊上,菊小长管蚜的E1、E2波平均持续时间4.31、3.47 min,分别短于在早小洋菊上的4.63、3.75 min;棉蚜、桃蚜的E1、E2波平均持续时间分别为4.32、4.72 min和4.92、4.64 min;3种蚜虫的平均刺探次数均大于在早小洋菊上的平均刺探次数。聚类分析结果显示,2个主栽品种之间抗性存在差异。早小洋菊顶叶平均可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量分别为2.71 mg/g和25.36 mg/g,均高于晚小洋菊;早小洋菊顶叶总酚含量为0.24 mg/g,显著低于晚小洋菊;早、晚小洋菊总黄酮含量分别为3.46 mg/g和3.37 mg/g。早小洋菊顶叶可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白含量基本上与每种菊蚜的E1、E2波持续时间显著正相关,总酚含量、总黄酮含量与每种菊蚜的E1或E2波持续时间显著负相关。推测早小洋菊对于菊长管蚜的抗性稍弱于晚小洋菊,2种杭白菊对棉蚜或桃蚜的抗性相当,且菊叶中的这4种物质含量与抗蚜性相关。     

咸水膜下滴灌频率对土壤表层水盐环境的影响

为了更好地指导干旱区农业生产,利用地下咸水进行了膜下滴灌频率试验,设3种滴灌频率,即1次/24 h(T1)、1次/48 h(T2)和1次/72 h(T3),探讨了相同灌水量下不同滴灌频率对土壤表层水盐环境的影响。结果表明,(1)T2处理浅层土壤含水率高于T1和T3处理0.5%~1.0%,且试验后期形成面积和深度均大于T1和T3处理的;(2)土壤电导率在整个试验过程中呈增加趋势,T2处理土壤电导率增长幅度相对较小,土壤返盐程度较小;(3)土壤p H值在试验中期增大,试验后期减小,表层土壤p H值达8.5左右;(4)土壤表层各盐分离子量在试验期间的增加程度远小于土壤结冻期;土壤表层重碳酸根离子量在试验后期超过120.0 mg/kg,土壤总碱度增大,土壤存在碱化趋势。因此,滴灌频率1次/48 h可为作物提供比较适宜的土壤表层水盐环境,可作为民勤绿洲咸水滴灌频率参考值;同时,使用咸水滴灌后,绿洲土壤存在明显碱化趋势,因此还需采取其他灌排措施减弱土壤次生盐渍化。     

EM38探测复垦土壤厚度分布的可行性研究

该文采用EM38电磁感应电导率仪测量辽宁省阜新市海州露天矿场复垦区一块面积为5 000 m2的覆土层的表观电导率,试探性研究表观电导率（ECa）与矿区排土场覆土厚度（TSLT）的相关性。测定结果证实ECa与相同点位剖面挖掘所得的深度数据有很好的负相关性,而两层土壤的电导率差值与上层土壤深度之间存在一定的正相关性。结合地统计克里格插值,得到了该复垦区覆土深度分布的预测趋势图。研究结论指出,基于EM38测量的表观电导率预测矿区复垦区覆土层厚度具有良好的可行性,为废弃矿区复垦质量的客观评估,提供了一种实用、简捷的工程检测 手段。