四川盆地夏季区域性极端降水事件特征及其成因

利用四川盆地1981-2015年夏季102个气象台站逐日降水资料, NCEP/NCAR逐日再分析资料,分析了四川盆地区域性降水及极端降水事件的时空特征,对极端降水事件发生的环流场进行合成分析,讨论其环流异常特征.研究表明:近35年四川盆地总降水量及夏季降水量时空变化特征较为一致;盆地夏季区域性极端日降水量的99%分位阈值为40.5 mm/d, 2005年开始极端日降水事件明显增多,区域性极端降水事件多发于7月下旬以及8月中旬;极端日降水事件呈现低层辐合、高层辐散的环流结构;端日降水事件的形成与四川盆地的大气净加热以及周边大范围地区的净冷却形成的加热场异常梯度有关.     

10 kV浇注支柱式电流互感器电场有限元分析及结构优化设计

浇注支柱式电流互感器是电力系统中用于测量、控制和保护的重要设备.以LZZBJ9-10B型浇注支柱式电流互感器为例,通过ANSOFT Maxwell软件对互感器内部进行三维电场仿真分析.研究结果表明,互感器内部电场集中分布区域在一次绕组的4个端角和二次绕组的左右两端,对一、二次绕组电场进行局部二维分析,得到绕组电场强度最大值和最小值的分布点的位置,提出通过改变绝缘挡板的厚度避免主绝缘材料因电场分布不均匀而发生局部放电的有效措施,并运用ANSOFT Maxwell软件进行电场分析得到验证.研究结果为10 kV浇注支柱式电流互感器的结构优化设计和安全运行提供了依据.     

豆麦轮作区麦秸长期还田对作物产量及土壤化学性质的影响

麦秆还田对作物产量影响以及秸秆还田如何施肥是农业生产者极为关注的问题,为了明确豆麦轮作麦秆长期还田对作物产量及对土壤化学性质的影响,该文依托黑河市长期定位实验站,采用裂区试验方法,主处理为秸秆还田与不还田处理,副处理为低、中、高不同施肥水平,试验于1980年开始,轮作模式先后为麦-豆-麦和麦-豆轮作模式,通过连续38 a(1980—2018年)调查,探明麦豆轮作条件下麦秸还田及不同施肥水平对作物产量影响。结果得出:麦秸还田后种植大豆、小麦,多年产量与不还田比差异不显著(P0.05);连续施肥效果,大豆中肥区比低肥区增产7.42%～10.81%,达到差异显著水平,小麦高肥区比低肥区增产14.52%～19.33%,差异极显著(P 0.01);麦秸还田大豆增产效果,还田前期(1～6季)大豆平均产量比不还田增产5.91%,后期(7～16季)平均增产7.52%,麦秸还田小麦增产效果,还田前期(1～5季)和后期(6～16季)平均增产0.31%、0.22%,后期增产频率高;麦秆隔年还田显著增加速效钾含量,施肥可以有效增加土壤碳、氮、磷含量,但长期高肥易导致土壤酸化。     

Upgrading a 1/20,000 soil map with an apparent electrical conductivity survey

Despite their shortcomings, choropleth soil maps remain the most widespread source of information on soil resources. Since most nationwide soil surveys were conducted in the second half of the previous century, a need for upgrading emerges. We evaluated the potential of detailed observations made by a mobile, non-invasive proximal soil sensor to upgrade a part of the 1/20,000 choropleth soil map of Belgium. This study was conducted on a 14 ha area which had been mapped twice in the 1950s: first, during the national soil survey yielding a 1/20,000 soil map, and second, during a detailed investigation resulting in a 1/5000 map. The first map failed to identify the presence of a Tertiary clay substratum at variable depths, while the second map indicated this substratum to be present within 1.2 m below the soil surface for about a third of the area. A recent survey with the EM38DD soil sensor provided 9192 measurements of the apparent electrical conductivity (EC_a) within the study area. The depth of the substratum (D_ts) was noted at 60 calibration locations by augering and the relationship between EC_a and D_ts was modelled by an exponential curve with an R² of 0.80. This allowed the detailed mapping of D_ts by regression kriging. The predictions were validated using 46 independent observations of D_ts indicating a reasonable average error of 0.24 m and a very good correlation coefficient between observed and predicted values of 0.94. A map accuracy assessment indicated that even after classification, the D_ts classes were better predicted by the sensor data than the 1/5000 map which was based on many more auger observations. Finally an upgraded 1/20,000 soil map was presented, illustrating the potential of combining existing soil maps with proximal soil sensing technology.     

Eukaryotic communities associated with the decomposition of rice straw compost in a Japanese rice paddy field estimated by DGGE analysis

To estimate the succession and phylogenetic composition of the eukaryotic communities responsible for the decomposition of rice straw compost under flooded conditions during the cultivation period of paddy rice, denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) analysis targeting 18S rDNA followed by sequencing was conducted in a Japanese paddy field. The eukaryotic communities in rice straw compost incorporated into the flooded paddy field were influenced by the mid-season drainage and mainly composed of fungi (Ascomycota, Zygomycota, and Chytridiomycota) and protozoa (Ciliophora, Euglyphida, and Dactylopodida), most of which existed continuously during the cultivation period of paddy rice. The results indicated that these eukaryotic members were associated with the decomposition of rice straw compost in paddy field soil directly or indirectly.     

Reconstructing the paleotopography beneath the loess cover with the aid of an electromagnetic induction sensor

During the last glacial period (Weichselian), wind-blown loess was deposited over the undulating landscape of central Belgium, which had been formed in surfacing Tertiary marine sediments. Since valleys were filled up with a thicker loess layer than hill tops, the present topography is much smoother. This smoothing was enhanced by subsequent erosion processes. Reconstructing the paleolandscape at a detailed scale is almost impossible by conventional procedures based on soil augerings. Therefore, the use of the electromagnetic induction sensor, EM38DD, was evaluated as an alternative for mapping the depth to the Tertiary clay substrate. On our 2.7 ha study site, located in the loess belt of central Belgium, a strong non-linear relationship (R² = 0.86) was found between the apparent electrical conductivity (ECa), measured by the vertical dipole orientation of the EM38DD and the depth to a Tertiary clay substrate. These predictions were validated by independent observations of the depth to the Tertiary clay and a correlation coefficient of 0.83, with an average error of 0.22 m, was found. So, our dense ECa measurements (2 by 2 m resolution) allowed us to build a three-dimensionall surface of the depth to the Tertiary substrate, reconstructing the paleotopography beneath the loess cover. This paleotopography revealed distinct erosion patterns on the surface of the Tertiary clay. The continuity of these was confirmed by an analysis of surface flow patterns conducted on the reconstructed paleotopography. The non-invasive, time- and cost-effective electromagnetic induction sensor was found to offer new perspectives to reconstruct and analyse in detail the Quaternary paleotopography beneath the loess cover.     

苏南平原稻田灌排水系统中氮磷平衡状况

应用大型原状模拟土柱,对苏南平原典型稻田灌排水系统中,养分的输入输出平衡状况进行定位监测和分析。初步结果表明:稻田生态系统每季水分消耗量在890~1 320 mm之间。稻田能净化灌溉水中养分,不同施肥处理稻田对NH4+-N、NO3--N和TP的净化量分别为10.7~12.3、6.8~9.2和-1.2~2.0kg hm-2。稻田养分淋溶量随着施肥量的增加而增加,但养分净化量与化肥用量之间没有很好的相关性,秸秆对养分净化量的影响不明显,而猪粪明显降低了稻田养分净化量,甚至成为周围水体磷素污染源。稻田对灌溉水中的NH4+-N在整个水稻生长期间均起到净化作用,对NO3--N在水稻生长初期有淋溶风险,而对TP,除了猪粪处理,稻田均呈现出净化作用。     

闽侯县孔源村2005/2006年度冬季低温考察和适地果树树种的选择

据对闽侯县孔源村2005/2006年度冬季低温考察资料分析,对于相对高差为60m的小山坡,晴天最低气温随高度的增加而增加,越近坡顶,最低气温越高;对相对高差为86m的小山坡,在相对坡位为0.86的山坡中上部,晴天最低气温常出现最高,逆温最明显。孔源村四周被群山环抱,仅西南面有一狭小的出口,冷空气易进难出,最低气温偏低。山坡地逆温仅体现同一山坡不同坡位之间最低气温的差别,尽管所考察的两个山坡最大的逆温差达到2.6℃,但所考察的14个点最低气温都比闽侯县气象局低,故在果树建园选择园址时,不要过分夸大坡地逆温的作用。据考察的资料分析,孔源村可选下部较开阔、坡位为0.6-1、海拔约140-180m处适当种植橄榄树;山坡的下部和坡底海拔高度低于80m的山间垄田洼地可种植宽皮桔,其它坡位以种植甜橙为好。     

不同地表状况耕地的田面糙率研究

田面糙率是影响田面水流运动的重要参数之一.该文针对裸地、翻耕地和作物地3种不同地表状况耕地的田面糙率进行研究.分析确定了裸地和翻耕地田面糙率的主要影响因素为田面凹凸程度,作物地田面糙率的主要影响因素还包括根茎宽度和根茎高度;进行了3种地表状况的田面凹凸程度、根茎宽度和根茎高度的田间实测及田面水流运动试验;将零惯量模型与优化方法相结合,建立了田面糙率求解的优化模型;根据田面实测资料,利用优化模型求得3种耕地的田面糙率值,据此,建立了裸地、翻耕地和作物地3种耕地田面糙率与其主要影响因素之间的关系式,验证试验结果表明,所建立的关系式正确.这对合理设计田面灌溉系统,提高灌水质量具有重要参考价值.     

上海市奉贤区设施菜地土壤理化性状分析

测定了上海市奉贤区不同年限设施菜田土壤盐分含量、离子组成和肥力状况,并对土壤性状进行了分析。结果表明,棚龄2 a及以上设施大棚的盐分含量、电导率均显著高于1 a大棚,除HCO3-外,七大离子含量均显著提高;设施菜地土壤有酸化趋势,6 a及以上棚龄的设施菜田土壤pH值降至5.87,达到弱酸水平;随设施大棚种植年限增加,土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮、有效磷含量呈上升趋势,特别是6 a及以上棚龄上升显著。