The 1997-1998 classical swine fever epidemic in The Netherlands--a survival analysis

The aim of this analysis was to characterise the temporal pattern of infection during the 1997/98 classical swine fever (CSF) epidemic in The Netherlands and hence identify and quantify risk factors for infection in different enterprise types and areas. Survival analysis and Cox proportional hazards regression were used to describe the epidemic. Substantial differences in temporal survival patterns (herd breakdown rate) were found between areas where different control policies operated. Factors with a significant influence on the infection hazard of individual herds included: sow numbers as a percentage of total sows and fatteners (HR = 3.38 for mixed herds (0.1–60% sows) vs. fattening herds (0% sows) and HR = 2.74 for breeding herds (60–100% sows) vs. fattening herds), the number of ‘transport contacts per month’ (>0.3 vs. <0.3; HR = 4.11), pig density (pigs/km²) in the area (HR_{1000 pigs} 1.48) and herd size (HR_{100 pigs} = 1.01).

Pre-emptive slaughter in an area appeared to be associated with lower subsequent disease levels. Higher frequency of transport contacts for welfare slaughter during the epidemic, however, well regulated and controlled, was associated with a substantially higher risk of becoming infected. The positive association of a higher pig density with CSF indicates the potential importance of local spread as a factor in disease transmission and emphasizes that dilution of the pig population can contribute to reduction in CSF occurrence. This analysis suggests however, that if pre-emptive slaughter can promptly be applied effectively in an area after initial diagnosis, pig density is then not a significant factor. Mixed and breeding herds had a higher probability of becoming infected than fattening herds, possibly due to different types and frequencies of inter-herd contacts. These contacts continue to some extent during the epidemic, despite the standstill of animal movements.     

贵州蓝莓泌蜜散粉规律及储蜜量研究

为了解贵州蓝莓泌蜜散粉规律,客观评估其储蜜量,对贵州省蓝莓主栽品种的花形、泌蜜量与浓度、花粉量与散粉规律、花量进行了系统研究。结果表明:(1)蓝莓平均花冠长度为9.83 mm,平均花冠口直径为3.56 mm,不同品种之间差异显著;(2)蓝莓花开的第1?2d泌蜜总量显著高于第3天,泌蜜高峰出现在上午10:00为33.02+L,之后随着气温升高而降低。花蜜糖浓度随时间延迟而逐渐升高,最高值出现在下午16:00达48%;(3)晴朗天气,设施大棚内外的蓝莓泌蜜量与花蜜浓度无显著差异,但棚内更趋于稳定,棚外波动较大;(4)蓝莓储蜜量大,平均每公顷蓝莓园储蜜4469 L,但受传粉昆虫数量、授粉时间与质量、果园管理及气候等因素影响较大,生产上引蜂授粉采蜜,应综合考虑树龄、传粉昆虫数量、气候等因素。     

恒温隔绝式荧光PCR检测非洲猪瘟病毒核酸方法的建立

恒温隔绝式荧光PCR(iiPCR)是一种简便、快速及可使用于现场检测的荧光PCR方法.本研究采用农业农村部推荐的检测非洲猪瘟病毒(African swine fever virus,ASFV)核酸的荧光定量PCR方法的引物和探针,通过对引物、探针、Taq酶等反应体系的优化,建立了基于恒温隔绝式荧光PCR的ASFV检测方...     

宁夏野生甘草分布空间异质性及分布格局研究

运用统计学中的半方差分析、分维分析和克里格插值方法对宁夏野生甘草Glycyrrhiza uralensis的分布格局及其过程进行了研究.结果表明,宁夏野生甘草不同尺度空间分布的异质性不十分强烈,在整个所有尺度上受简单过程控制.分布格局在较小尺度上受随机过程控制,而在较大尺度上受自相关关系影响较大.当甘草种群间的距离在0～58 m内,样点内甘草株数与距离有自相关关系,而当甘草种群间的距离大于58 m时,样点间甘草分布的变化失去了自相关关系.甘草的克隆繁殖方式和土壤质地的空间异质性及鼠兔危害是导致甘草分布空间异质性的重要原因.     

猪圆环病毒复制与转录模式研究进展

猪圆环病毒(PCV)是一种单股、环状DNA病毒,有两种血清型,其中PCV-2是引起断奶仔猪多系统衰竭综合征的重要病原,给世界养猪业造成了巨大的经济损失.文章主要从PCV-1和PCV-2的基因组结构、复制起始区的结构与功能、复制相关蛋白的结构与功能、转录图谱、各转录物的剪接方式及主要转录物的转录效率等方面进行了综述,同时也对二者的复制与转录模式的异同点进行了比较.这些结果对PCV-1和PCV-2毒力差异的分子机制研究具有一定的借鉴意义,同时可为抗PCV药物的研发提供一定的理论依据.     

邯郸地区鸡卡氏住白细胞虫病季节动态的研究

鸡卡氏住白细胞虫病在邯郸地区的发病季节在6月下旬至10月份，高峰期为8-9月份，阳性感染率高达100%，阳性视野可达498‰-526‰，以后逐渐下降，至12，1，2，3，4，5月份为低潮期，虽然阳性感染率为40%-60%，但阳性视野仅在5‰-22‰之间。通过捕获发病鸡舍的飞虫，进行鉴定分类，确定了荒川库蠓是邯郸地区传播本传播本病的优势种。根据邯郸地区气温变化，荒川库蠓活动的高峰期为7-8月，与发病高峰期基本相符。     

乌蒙山冷凉山区饲用燕麦农艺性状与营养品质评价

为高效利用乌蒙山区丰富的冬闲田资源,对17份饲用燕麦(Avena sativa L.)开展了农艺性状与营养成分的比较试验。结果显示,平均生育期为194～226 d,出苗-拔节期时长超过生育期50%;农艺性状变异系数多数高于10%,产量(28.42%)和有效分蘖(30.52%)最高。不同品种粗蛋白(Crude protein, CP)和酸性洗涤纤维(Acid detergent fiber, ADF)含量差异显著(P<0.05),分别为8.33%～10.13%和25.32%～30.15%;中性洗涤纤维(Neurtral detergent fiber, NDF)含量为50.51%～57.58%,品种差异不显著;相对饲喂价值(Relative feed value, RFV)为106.57～133.83,品种间差异显著(P<0.05)。‘永久444’ADF含量显著高于其他品种(P<0.05),爱沃RFV显著高于其他品种(P<0.05);各指标间存在密切相关关系,穗粒数与产量正相关(P<0.05),生育期与CP正相关(P<0.05);铃铛数、NDF、有效分...     

Effects of muscle type on beef taste‐traits assessed by an electric sensing system

To assess the role of muscle fiber type in beef taste‐traits, we analyzed cooked meats from bovine masseter, diaphragm, psoas major, longissimus thoracis, and semitendinosus muscles with an electric taste sensing system (INSENT SA402B). The system is composed of five taste sensors of polymer membranes fixing different lipids. The sensors, CT0, CA0, AAE, C00 and AE1 are designed to respond to the individual tastes of salty, sour, umami, bitter and astringent, respectively. The system found significant differences in the converted outputs of CA0 (cvCA0), C00 (cvC00) and AE1 (cvAE1) among the bovine muscles. The slow‐type muscles (masseter and diaphragm) showed lower cvCA0, higher cvC00, and higher cvAE1 than did the fast‐type muscles (psoas major, longissimus thoracis, and semitendinosus). Lactic acid content was different among muscle types and was highly related to the cvCA0 output and pH. carbonyl compounds and free fatty acids were higher in the slow‐type muscles. Free fatty acids were major components causing the difference in the C00 output among the muscle types. Iron content was also different among the muscle types and related to the cvC00 and cvAE1 outputs. These results suggested that the muscle fiber type affects the beef taste characteristics.     

三种营养需要模式对生长肥育猪生产性能、胴体品质和瘦肉生长的影响

试验选用体重约20.4kg的三元杂交[杜×(大×长)]猪96头 ,分为3个处理 ,每个处理4个重复 ,分别饲喂3种营养需要模式的饲粮 ,生长期猪体重为20～50kg,肥育期为50～92kg,研究3种营养需要模式对生长肥育猪生产性能、胴体品质和胴体瘦肉生长的影响。结果表明 ,采用建议的营养需要模式配制的饲粮饲养生长肥育猪 ,获得的生产性能、胴体品质、胴体瘦肉增重和无脂瘦肉增重以及胴体瘦肉成分与采用NRC(1998)营养需要模式配制的饲粮相近 ,而且20～90kg 期间无脂瘦肉增重已达到NRC(1998)认为的具有中-高瘦肉生长速度。采用中国(1987)营养需要模式配制的饲粮饲养生长肥育猪 ,其生产性能、胴体瘦肉增重和无脂瘦肉增重都极显著低于上述两种营养需要模式的饲粮 ,综合胴体品质也较差。从本试验结果看来 ,建议的营养需要模式可满足杜×(大×长)生长肥育猪的需要     

ROUTE DEVELOPMENT,ANTIVIRAL STUDIES,FIELD EVALUATION AND TOXICITY OF AN ANTIVIRAL PLANT PROTECTANT NK0238

• Developed a two-step synthetic route to anti-plant-virus candidate NK0238. • NK0238 exhibited a broad antivirus spectrum in greenhouse. • NK0238 showed comparable antivirus activities as controls in field trials. • NK0238 was safe to birds, fish, bees and silkworms. • NK0238 has a very good prospect in commercial development. It has previously been shown that tryptophan, the biosynthesis precursor of Peganum harmala alkaloids, and its derivatives have anti-TMV activity both in vitro and in vivo. Further exploration of this led to the identification of NK0238 as a highly effective agent for the prevention and control of diseases caused by plant viruses, but the existing routes are unsuitable for its large-scale synthesis. This study optimized a route for two-step synthesis of this virucide candidate via reaction of l-tryptophan with triphosgene to produce l-tryptophan-N-carboxylic anhydride, which then reacts with n-octylamine to give NK0238 at up to 94% yield and nearly 97% HPLC purity. In addition, the route was used for the preparation of NK0238 on a>40 g scale permitting further assessment of its antivirus activity in the greenhouse and field experiments, and toxicity tests. NK0238 exhibited useful antiviral activities against a variety of viruses both in greenhouse and field experiments. The toxicity tests showed that NK0238 was not acutely toxic to birds, fish, honey bees and silkworms. The optimized route provides a solid foundation for its large-scale synthesis and subsequent efficacy and toxicity studies, its excellent activity and safety make NK0238 a promising drug candidate for further development.