毛乌素沙地饲草料作物土壤水动态

对节水灌溉条件下的紫花苜蓿、饲料玉米和青贮玉米需水量进行了试验研究，分析了不同灌溉水平下3种饲草料作物的土壤水动态和需水规律。结果表明，土壤水动态主要受降雨、灌溉和地下水埋深的影响。紫花苜蓿需水高峰值出现在6月下旬至8月中下旬，其需水强度最大可达9.0mm/d，阶段需水模系数最大可达41.2%；饲料玉米和青贮玉米需水高峰值出现在7月下旬至8月上旬，其需水强度分别为11.40mm/d和11.3mm/d，阶段需水模系数最大可达45.2%和44.9%,成果为节水灌溉制度的制定和灌溉预报等提供了科学依据。     

黄土丘Ⅴ区典型小流域坝控区重力侵蚀分析与预测

黄土丘Ⅴ区因其独特的土壤及地形和水文地质条件,使淤地坝坝控区的重力侵蚀严重,以至于毁坏耕地、道路和桥梁等,严重影响淤地坝效益的发挥。针对黄土丘Ⅴ区典型小流域坝控区在运行期间因沟岸崩塌和岸坡滑塌等产生的重力侵蚀导致淤地坝泥沙淤积量计算失真的问题,采用实测库容与3S技术生成库容资料和原设计库容曲线复核率定的三重复核分析方法,对运行期淤地坝坝控区域的重力侵蚀来源、诱发因素及预测进行分析。结果表明:(1)反映淤地坝淤积形态的形态判别系数α'为0.711~208.517,均值48.238,说明除阳山上小型坝小于临界数2.2为椎体淤积外,其他淤地坝为三角洲淤积;(2)坝控区形态参数如淤积面面积、周长、淤积体积及淤积形态判别系数等对重力侵蚀影响较大,给出了重力侵蚀量及侵蚀模数的计算关系;(3)重力侵蚀模数的范围184.79~812.80t/(km~2·a),均值360.68t/(km~2·a),坝控区淤积产沙模数的范围225~2 719t/(km~2·a),均值1 382t/(km~2·a)。重力侵蚀模数约占淤积产沙模数的26.1%,说明在黄土丘陵沟壑区第Ⅴ副区淤地坝的库区拦沙既有上游因水力侵蚀产沙又有库区自身重力侵蚀所致,淤地坝的运行管理既要防止重力侵蚀破坏现有耕地,又要防止淤地坝淤积出的土地被沟道基流苦咸水破坏,从而导致淤地坝淤地无法高效利用。     

You cannot fight fire with fire: a demographic model suggests alternative approaches to manage multiple herbicide‐resistant Avena fatua

Multiple herbicide‐resistant (MHR ) weed populations pose significant agronomic and economic threats and demand the development and implementation of ecologically based tactics for sustainable management. We investigated the influence of nitrogen fertiliser rate (56, 112, 168, or 224 kg N ha^?1) and spring wheat seeding density (67.3 kg ha^?1 or 101 kg ha^?1) on the demography of one herbicide susceptible and two MHR Avena fatua populations under two cropping systems (continuous cropping and crop‐fallow rotation). To represent a wide range of environmental conditions, data were obtained in field conditions over 3 years (2013–2015). A stochastic density‐dependent population dynamics model was constructed using the demographic data to project A. fatua populations. Elasticity analysis was used to identify demographic processes with negative impacts on population growth. In both cropping systems, MHR seedbank densities were negatively impacted by increasing nitrogen fertilisation rate and wheat density. Overall, MHR seedbank densities were larger in the wheat‐ fallow compared with the continuous wheat cropping system and seedbank densities stabilised near zero in the high nitrogen and high spring wheat seeding rate treatment. In both cropping systems, density‐dependent seed production was the most influential parameter impacting population growth rate. This study demonstrated that while the short‐term impact of weed management tactics can be investigated by field experiments, evaluation of long‐term consequences requires the use of population dynamics models. Demographic models, such as the one constructed here, will aid in selecting ecologically based weed management tactics, such as appropriate resource availability and modification to crop competitive ability to reduce the impact of MHR .     

基于岭回归模型的台湾水稻科技进步贡献率的测算与分析

通过建立超越对数生产函数,建立2000-2014年期间台湾水稻生产模型,并运用岭回归(Riolge Regression)方法估计参数,得到台湾水稻生产各要素的产出弹性和科技进步贡献率。研究表明,科技进步是台湾水稻生产的主要驱动力,2000-2014年间台湾水稻科技进步贡献率为51.51%。在台湾水稻生产中,科技进步最主要以资本的形式促进水稻产量的提升,其次通过改良土地的方式,不断提升水稻生产力,还有一部分科技进步以提高稻农的综合素质水平达到促进水稻生产的目的。     

准东地区土壤风蚀影响因子分析与风蚀量估算

为阐明准东地区土壤风蚀现状及影响因子,通过实地采样,结合气象、土地利用数据、DEM、遥感影像,从气候因子、地形因子、土壤因子以及植被盖度4个方面进行分析,利用GIS平台结合WEQ经验模型对各因子叠加计算的土壤风蚀状况进行分级,并对各侵蚀等级进行评价分析。结果表明:气候、土壤及植被盖度共同影响该区域的土壤风蚀状况。受各因子的影响,准东地区风蚀分级状况比较明显,侵蚀强度由南向北呈增强趋势,主要表现为重度侵蚀,占研究区面积的43.02%。该区域平均侵蚀模数为4 470.64t/(km2·a),风蚀量达9 969.53万t。为验证模型的准确性,利用137 Cs示踪法推算的风蚀模数与模型值进行对比,结果表明模型计算值与137 Cs示踪法估算值间的平均相对误差7.78%,证明该模型在研究区具有很好的适用性。     

化学处理木材的动态粘弹性研究

为了弄清楚不同化学试剂处理引起木材内部分子构造的变化及其分子的运动状态,该研究针对杉木试材,采用动态粘弹性分析仪,测定了含水率在纤维饱和点状态下脱木素处理木材、DMSO处理木材和非晶化处理木材以及素材,在-100～10℃、0.5～10 Hz的动态粘弹性.研究结果表明:①在-100～10℃范围内观察到两个松弛过程,-30℃附近的α松弛过程和-100℃附近的β松弛过程;②频率越高,损耗模量峰值对应的温度越高,贮存模量随着温度的升高而降低;③α松弛过程中非晶化处理木材的活化能最高,DMSO处理木材次之,脱木素处理木材与素材接近;④木材发生α松弛过程的主要原因是吸着水分子的回转取向运动,发生β松弛过程的主要原因是无定形区细胞壁物质中的伯醇羟基基团的运动.      

Modelling the influence of site and weed competition on juvenile modulus of elasticity in Pinus radiata across broad environmental gradients

Data from a nationwide set of Pinus radiata D. Don plots established at a range of conventional stand densities were analysed at age 6 to (i) determine how environment and competition from weeds influence dynamic modulus of elasticity (E) of the lower stem base, (ii) develop a predictive multiple regression model of E for basal stemwood and (iii) identify significant direct and indirect environmental influences (through stem slenderness) on E using path analysis.Site had a highly significant (P < 0.001) influence on E, which exhibited a 3-fold range from 1.6 to 5.3 GPa, across 30 sites. When compared to the weed-free controls, weed competition had a significant (P < 0.0001) and substantial effect on E, increasing values by on average 16% (2.76 GPa vs. 2.38 GPa).The positive linear relationship between stem slenderness (determined as tree height/ground-line tree diameter) and E was by far the strongest relationship (R² = 0.71; P < 0.001) among the 20 variables that were significantly related to E. A multiple regression model that included stem slenderness, mean minimum air temperature in mid-autumn, T_min, as positive linear relationships and net nitrogen (N) mineralisation in a negative linear form accounted for 86% of the variance in E. A cross-validation indicated that this model was stable and unbiased, with the validation accounting for 82% of the variance in E. The final path analysis model included T_min, net N mineralisation, below canopy solar radiation and stem slenderness as significant (P < 0.05) direct influences on E. Below canopy radiation, maximum air temperature during mid-summer, soil total phosphorus and carbon:nitrogen ratio were indirectly associated with E through their significant (P < 0.05) direct relationship with stem slenderness.These results provide considerable insight into how environment regulates E of juvenile P. radiata. Low fertility sites that have warm air temperatures and either a high canopy leaf area index, or high levels of woody weed competition, are most likely to produce trees with high stem slenderness and high E. Conversely, sites that are cool over summer and autumn and high in fertility, with low levels of intra- or inter-specific competition for light are likely to produce trees with low stem slenderness and low E.     

Structure and properties of the cellulose microfibril

The current structural models of the cellulose microfibril as well as its mechanical and thermal properties are reviewed. The cellulose microfibril can be considered as a single thin and long crystalline entity with highly anisotropic physical properties. The contribution and limit of different methods employed such as electron microscopy, infrared spectroscopy, X-ray scattering and diffraction, solid state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and molecular modeling are also discussed.     

Baseline demographics of a non‐native lake trout population and inferences for suppression from sensitivity‐elasticity analyses

Management agencies in several western states of the United States are implementing suppression programmes to control non‐native lake trout, Salvelinus namaycush (Walbaum), for the conservation of native species. This study was implemented to ascertain the population demographics of an expanding lake trout population and use those data to construct an age‐structured model to inform suppression efforts. Population projection matrices were used to model population growth and identify age or stage classes with the greatest influence on population growth. The size and age structure of lake trout sampled was skewed towards juveniles, indicating strong recruitment and a growing population. Matrix‐model simulations corroborated the observed size and age structure, as the lake trout population was predicted to grow exponentially (λ = 1.35, 95% CL: 1.25–1.43) with no suppression efforts. Elasticity analysis of matrix models indicated the relative contribution of survival rates to population growth among immature age classes was equal from age 0 to age at first maturity, but immature survival rates contributed more than adult survival and fertility rates. These results emphasise the importance of targeting juvenile lake trout for suppression efforts during exponential growth in recently established populations.     

Cost minimization and input substitution in the production of gilthead seabream

Abstract

This paper studies cost minimization decisions by utilizing a simple bioeconomic model for gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata). This model is based on a biological growth model which accounts for the effects of temperature and ration size. Although the implicit production function derived from the growth model is shown to be quasiconcave, it is not homothetic nor quasilinear. Further, technology shows increasing returns with respect to ration size and harvesting time. Optimization decisions are analyzed in two different contexts, a restricted biological setting and an expanded economic problem. It is shown that the optimal ration size increases for the latter context, reaching values commonly accepted in current industrial practice. Even though the elasticity of substitution to the shadow input prices is positive at the optimal ration size, the latter is rather robust to changes in input prices. However, optimal costs show larger sensitivity to the labor price than to the feeding and managerial costs.