小麦施钾的增产效果及对钾素吸收的影响

１９９７－１９９８年在高水肥地进行了钾肥用量试验研究,结果表明,含速效钾２４５ｍｇ．ｋｇ＾－１的土壤施钾增产不显著,含速效钾２０９ｍｇ．ｋｇ＾－１的土壤施钾达到了显著的增产效果。施钾后,小麦植株干重,吸钾强度,吸钾数量明显提高。适宜施肥量（Ｋ２Ｏ）７．５－１０ｋｇ／６６７ｍ＾２,增产幅度１８％－２５％。     

pH对磷钾铝石形成的影响

Effects of column temperature and flow rate on separation of organic acids were studied by determining nine low-molecular-weight organic acids on reversed-phase C18 column using high performace liquid chromatography(HPLC) with a wavelength of UV(ultraviolet)214 nm and a mobile phase of 18 mmol L^-1 KH2PO4 buffer solution (pH2.1).The thermal stabiltiy of organic acids was determined by comparing the recoveries of organic acids in different temperature treatments.The relationships between column temperature,flow rate or solvent pH and retention time were analyzed.At low solvent pH,separatioin efficiency of organic acids was increased by raising the flow rate of the solvent because of lowering the retention time or organic acids.High column temperature was unfavorable for the separation of organic acids.The separating effect can be enhanced through reducing column temperature in organic acid determination due to increasing retention time.High thermal stability of organic acids with low concentrations was observed at temperature of 40℃-45℃,Sensitivity and separation effect of organic acid determination by HPLC were clearly improved by a combination of raising flow rate and lowering column temperature at low solvent pH.     

钾素对小麦生长发育及籽粒产量的影响

１９９３～１９９５年采取田间试验和池栽试验相结合的方法,对钾素的增产效应进行了研究。结果表明：高产条件下增施钾肥,能够增加小麦植株基部１,２节间粗度和壁厚,提高植株抗倒能力;能够提高叶面积系数,增加旗叶Ｃｈｌ含量,减少Ｏ_２~－产生,降生ＭＤＡ含量,延缓叶片衰老促进干物质积累与运转,增粒增重,从而显著增加小麦产量。但施钾量超过 １５０ｋｇ．ｈｍ~２以后其效果有所下降。     

1959—2015年黑龙江省玉米需水量时空分布特征

基于黑龙江省26个气象站1959—2015年的逐日气象数据和14个农业气象观测站的1991—2008年玉米生育期观测资料,利用单作物系数法和Arcmap的空间分析功能计算并绘制了玉米生育期内各月有效降雨量(Effective precipitation)、需水量(Crop water requirement)和灌溉需水量(Irrigation requirement)及三者气候倾向率的分布图,揭示了黑龙江省玉米水分供需的时空分布规律。结果表明：黑龙江省玉米生育期有效降雨量平均值为302mm,高值区位于中部地区,5—6月呈增长趋势,7—9月呈下降趋势;需水量平均值为383mm,自西向东总体呈先减小后增大的分布趋势,除9月外,全生育期及各月需水量均呈减小趋势;灌溉需水量平均值为153mm,其分布与需水量分布相似,西部地区灌溉需水量较大,5、7月呈减小趋势,而8、9月呈大幅增加趋势,应在7、8月适时补充灌溉,保障玉米产量。本研究可为黑龙江省玉米种植区灌溉水资源分配和灌溉制度制定提供科学依据。     

Estimating effective population size of large marine populations,is it feasible?

Sustainable exploitation of marine populations is a challenging task relying on information about their current and past abundance. Fisheries‐related data can be scarce and unreliable making them unsuitable for quantitative modelling. One fishery independent method that has attracted attention in this context consists in estimating the effective population size (N_e), a concept founded in population genetics. We reviewed recent empirical studies on N_e and carried out a simulation study to evaluate the feasibility of estimating N_e in large fish populations with the currently available methods. The detailed review of 26 studies found that published empirical N_e values were very similar despite differences in species and total population sizes (N). Genetic simulations for an age‐structured fish population were carried out for a range of population and samples sizes, and N_e was estimated using the Linkage Disequilibrium method. The results showed that already for medium‐sized populations (1 million individuals) and common sample sizes (50 individuals), negative estimates were likely to occur which for real applications is commonly interpreted as indicating very large (infinite) N_e. Moreover, on average, N_e estimates were negatively biased. The simulations further indicated that around 1% of the total number of individuals might have to be sampled to ensure sufficiently precise estimates of N_e. For large marine populations, this implies rather large samples (several thousands to millions of individuals). If however such large samples were to be collected, many more population parameters than only N_e could be estimated.     

河北坝上地区马铃薯产量变异的气候决定因子分析

河北坝上地区马铃薯主要在雨养条件下种植,年际间产量具有很大的变异。基于2010—2017年连续8 a的马铃薯生育期数据、产量数据和生育期内的气象数据,探讨了坝上地区马铃薯产量变异的气候决定因子,并分析了1961—2017年马铃薯生长季气候因子的变化。结果表明:1961—2017年坝上地区马铃薯生长季内总辐射平均每10 a下降66 MJ·m~(-2);最低温度和最高温度平均每10 a分别升高0.5℃和0.4℃;生长季内总降水无显著变化趋势,但年际间具有很大的波动性。试验年份马铃薯产量在8 250～24 500 kg·hm~2之间,变异系数为27.8%。生长季内总辐射对马铃薯产量具有一定的促进作用,但不显著(P0.05);出苗～薯块形成期(R~2=0.31,P0.05)和薯块形成～薯块膨大期(R~2=0.52,P0.01)两个阶段的最高温度对马铃薯产量产生了显著的负影响;薯块膨大～成熟期的最大连续无有效降水日数决定了马铃薯产量变异的68%。薯块膨大～成熟期的最大连续无有效降水日数和有效降水、薯块形成～薯块膨大期的最高温度和总辐射共同可以决定坝上地区马铃薯产量变异的82%。马铃薯生育期内降水总量不是坝上地区马铃薯产量变异的决定因子,有效降水及分配情况与马铃薯产量相关性更大,未来持续升温的气候情境下坝上地区雨养马铃薯产量提升应从提高降水有效性和培育耐高温品种两方面制定措施。     

干旱胁迫和钾肥对油菜苗期生物量和水分利用特征的影响

以西南地区广泛种植的8个油菜品种为材料,研究不同水分和钾肥处理对油菜苗期生长和水分利用特征的影响。结果表明,与正常水分处理(W2)相比,干旱处理(W1)严重抑制油菜苗期生长,生物量在干旱期和复水期分别降低了43.7%和36.3%;干旱胁迫下提高钾肥水平显著促进了油菜生物量的提高(P0.05),油菜生物量在干旱和复水期较低钾处理分别提高了16.1%和11.9%。与W2处理相比,W1处理的水分利用效率在干旱期和复水期分别下降了8.0%和17.8%,差异达显著水平(P0.05);与低钾水平相比,干旱胁迫下提高钾肥水平可促进水分利用效率的提高,在干旱期和复水期分别提高了14.3%和6.4%,在干旱期差异达显著水平(P0.05)。水分利用效率与蒸腾效率呈极显著正相关,与蒸发/蒸腾比呈极显著负相关(P0.01)。干旱胁迫下,油菜蒸腾效率显著提高,而蒸发蒸腾量显著降低(P0.05),其中蒸腾量在干旱期和复水期分别下降了60.9%和35.3%,蒸发/蒸腾比大幅度提高,大部分的水分通过蒸发散失而非植株利用,导致水分利用效率降低。干旱胁迫下钾肥利用效率降低,钾吸收量减少;提高钾肥的施用水平,钾肥利用效率降低,但钾吸收量提高。对W1处理的各生理指标进行主成分分析,可提取出2个主成分,油研10、油研57和油研817具有较高的综合得分,在干旱胁迫下具有较大生物量、水分利用效率、蒸腾量、钾肥利用效率和钾吸收量,表现出较强的抗旱性。     

Physiological Mechanism of Different Varieties and Potassium Application Amounts on Cotton Resistance to Verticillium Wilt

[Objective] It has theoretical guiding significance for the comprehensive control technology of Verticillium wilt of cotton to explore the effect of potassium nutrition on mechanism of cotton Verticillium wilt resistance under the condition of pathogen stress of Verticillium dahliae. [Method] Three cotton cultivars Jimian 11 (JM-11 as susceptible cultivar), Zhongzhimian 2 (ZZM-2 as control cultivar), Nongda 601 (ND-601 as resistant cultivar) were adopted, and each cultivar had 0, 75, 150, 225, 300 kg· hm－2 potassium levels represented by K0, K75, K150, K225, K300. Two factors split plot experiment was designed under artificial nursery inoculated Verticillium dahlia, to observe disease index of Verticillium wilt, and researched resistance associated substances content and enzyme activity. [Result] (1) The lignin, total phenol contents and POD, PAL activity in leaves or roots of JM-11 were more greatly influenced by Verticillium wilt compared with ZZM-2, ND-601; the crucial disease resistance substances and enzymes were lignin, total phenol and PAL for JM-11, total phenol for ZZM-2 and ND-601. (2) The lignin, total phenol contents and POD, PAL activities of JM-11 were more sensitive to root potassium than ND-601, but weaker than that of ZZM-2. The sensitivity of POD, PAL activities in functional leaves of JM-11 to potassium were more sensitive than ND-601 and ZZM-2. (3) The best effect of potash fertilizer for relieving disease index for JM-11, ZZM-2, ND-601 were 32.5%, 26.4%, 16.5%, and corresponding potassium application amounts were 290.5 kg·hm－2, 253.5 kg·hm－2 and 229.5 kg·hm－2, respectively. [Conclusion] Application of potassium could increase the resistance to Verticillium wilt and reduce the occurrence of cotton Verticillium wilt.     

水汽压差与钾素互作对高温下番茄营养吸收与光合特性的影响

空气水汽压差（VPD）是植物水分运输的主要驱动力,影响作物对营养的吸收。探究不同VPD与钾素对高温下作物营养元素的吸收与光合特性的影响对夏季番茄合理施肥与环境管理具有重要意义。试验以‘金棚14-6’番茄为试材,采用盆栽方式,设置2个VPD水平（高VPD、低VPD）与3个钾素水平 (2、4、8 mmol·L^-1)共6个处理,分析了VPD与钾素互作对高温下番茄幼苗氮磷钾吸收、气体交换参数、光合和CO₂响应等的影响。结果表明：与高VPD相比,降低VPD会对番茄植株各器官的氮、磷、钾含量产生稀释效应, 但随着钾素水平的提高,氮、磷、钾的积累量均会显著增加,各元素积累量分别增加了99.6%、98.1%和44.7%（氮）,57.4%、50.4%和51.6%（磷）,145.9%、71.5%和30.6%（钾）。在低VPD下,中钾水平更有利于干物质和氮、磷、钾元素的积累,其叶片的氮素积累量和叶片水势显著高于其他5个处理;且低VPD下的植株具有较大的光照、CO₂浓度适应区间和高光合及相关参数,包括光合速率P_n、气孔导度G_s、光饱和点LSP、表观量子效率AQY、暗呼吸速率R_d和初始羧化效率CE等,且均在中钾水平时取得最大值;同时蒸腾速率T_r、光补偿点LCP与光呼吸速率R_p等均显著降低。综上可知,高VPD下高钾水平和低VPD下中钾水平提高了番茄的光合性能、氮磷钾元素吸收量和干物质积累量,可作为夏季高温施肥与环境管理指标。     

海藻提取物对干旱胁迫下苹果砧木幼苗抗旱性和养分吸收的影响

以1 a生苹果砧木M9T337幼苗为试材,设置正常供水（CK）、中度干旱（MD）、中度干旱+海藻提取物（MD+SE）、重度干旱（SD）、重度干旱+海藻提取物（SD+SE）5个处理,研究海藻提取物对不同程度干旱胁迫下幼苗的生物量、光合特性、抗氧化酶活性、渗透调节物质含量和植株养分含量的影响。结果表明：在中度干旱胁迫条件下,植株总生物量较MD处理提高了15.4%,净光合速率较MD处理提高了12.1%,SOD、POD、CAT和APX活性分别较MD处理提高了4.5%、8.4%、30.6%、9.8%,可溶性蛋白和脯氨酸等渗透调节物质较MD处理分别提高了19.1%和13.1%,植株氮、磷、钾含量较MD处理分别提高了19.2%、22.7%和40.5%;在重度干旱胁迫下,叶面喷施海藻提取物后总生物量较SD处理提高了13.7%,净光合速率较SD处理提高了10.2%,SOD、POD、CAT和APX活性较SD处理分别提高了16.6%、18.1%、30.2%、8.9%,可溶性蛋白和脯氨酸等渗透调节物质含量较SD处理分别提高了14.1%和13.1%,植株氮、磷、钾含量较SD处理分别提高了12.4%、21.7%和38.4%。不同程度干旱条件下喷施海藻提取物均有良好的缓解效果,以中度干旱胁迫缓解效果更显著。