通双小流域综合治理效益分析

通双小流域综合治理效益分析王敬军，江景垚，文凌宇，郑金玲（黑龙江省拜泉县水保办，１６４７００）一、流域概况通双小流域总面积２１．７７ｋｍ２，位于拜泉县城南２６ｋｍ处，分布在五沟四岭八个大山包上。这里海拔高２００～３００ｍ，坡长一般５００～１０００ｍ，...     

特大暴雨下油松林根系对土壤元素迁移的影响

根际是元素由土壤进入植物体的主要界面,降水对根际土壤元素的迁移有显著影响。本文用原状土柱淋滤实验装置及大型挖掘剖面壁法,定量分析了特大暴雨下不同深度土层油松林根系影响土壤元素的稳定输出通量的剖面特征,旨在探索黄土区林木根系对土壤养分生物有效性的提高途径。研究结果表明,特大降雨条件下,油松林地的元素随土层深度增加呈明显的递减规律,在农地土壤剖面中变异不明显。油松林地元素稳定输出通量的平均值显著大于无根系土壤。油松林030.cm土壤剖面中的元素输出通量占总剖面元素输出通量的96.32%;油松林根系对常量元素K、Na、Mg、Ca、有益元素Si、微量营养元素Mn有明显稳定强化作用的土层深度范围为030cm,对有益元素Al和微量元素Cu、Fe有明显稳定强化作用的土层深度范围为045.cm。     

Comparison of statistical models for predicting cost effective nitrogen rate at rice–wheat cropping systems

Due to increased economic and environmental concerns, developing statistical models of crop yield has become one of the most important steps in determination of the cost effective rates (CERs) of nitrogen (N) fertilization. Although quadratic models are commonly used to describe wheat and paddy rice yield response to fertilizer rates in the Taihu Lake region of China, few studies have investigated why this model is selected over others. This study evaluated quadratic, exponential and square root models describing the wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and rice (Oryza sativa L.) yield response to N fertilizer when determining the CERs, while also considering the environmental costs of N losses. All models fit the data almost equally well when evaluated using the variability and standard error statistics. However, there were marked discrepancies among models when calculating the CER of fertilization and the economic returns form Z-test. The quadratic model had a greater CER value (194?kg N ha^–1 for rice and 185?kg N ha^–1 for wheat) averaged over all sites than the exponential and square root models. The residuals obtained from the quadratic models were closer to a normal distribution than those of the other two models, indicating a less systematic bias. The mean economic uncertainties resulting from the quadratic model were more dependable than the other two models evaluated. These results show that the quadratic model best describes the rice and wheat yield responses and tends to indicate the optimal rates of fertilization while considering the environmental and economic effects of over fertilization for rice and wheat in the Taihu Lake region.     

农业生态环境监测中无线传感节点信号有效传输距离的确定

农业生态环境的物理形态和结构复杂多样,对WSN（wireless sensor networks）的无线信号传输造成不同衰减影响。为确保无线传感器网络在农业环境中经济、合理、高效部署,有必要明确典型农业环境中无线传感节点间的有效传输距离。该文基于Shadowing信号衰减模型,利用当前通用的CC2530和CC2591无线通信模块,分别选定4种不同农业环境（湖泊、草地、农田、树林）开展单跳组网试验,通过设定不同距离测试传感器节点的接收信号强度指标（received signal strength indication,RSSI）,分析不同环境中RSSI与传输距离间的变化特征。试验结果表明,所有测试环境获得的RSSI值与有效距离遵从Shadowing模型,其拟合度在0.9232～0.9846之间。通过对实测数据建立拟合模型,以接收节点的灵敏度为临界值,计算出湖泊、草地、农田、树林4种环境的理论传输距离分别为663.3,419.3,208.0和79.5 m,而实测有效传输距离与理论值之间的相对误差在22%～34%之间。从误差分布看,复杂环境的实测值更接近理论值,而特殊结构的复杂环境似对实际信号传输有增强作用。该文的研究方法和模型估算获得的信号衰减系数可为实际环境监测组网提供有益参考。     

我国草地贪夜蛾年发生世代区划分

为明确草地贪夜蛾在我国不同地区的年发生世代数,为提高其预测预报和综合防治水平提供科学依据,本研究采用不同恒温(20、24、28、32、36℃)条件,以玉米苗为幼虫食物测定了草地贪夜蛾不同发育阶段及全世代的发育历期,计算出草地贪夜蛾不同发育阶段、全世代发育起点温度和有效积温。在此基础上,结合1985年-2014年30年全国605个气象站点的气象数据预测了草地贪夜蛾在我国不同地区的年发生世代数,并利用地理信息系统对其年发生世代区进行了划分。结果表明:草地贪夜蛾卵、1~6龄幼虫、蛹、雌成虫和雄成虫的发育起点温度分别为11.20、9.63、13.03、12.88、11.09、13.04、10.73、13.90、13.98℃和16.68℃,有效积温分别为41.32、41.32、18.71、28.23、45.87、60.33、55.90、90.97、166.86日·度和121.90日·度;全世代发育起点温度为12.6℃,有效积温为584.0日·度。根据全国不同地区气象数据推测草地贪夜蛾在我国的理论年平均发生世代数在0~7.41代之间,总体上发生世代数随纬度和海拔的升高而减少。我国1月份12.6℃等温线以南地区全年最低温度高于草地贪夜蛾发育起点温度,为周年繁殖区域,主要位于云南南部(全年发生世代数最高可超过5代)、广西南部、广东中部以南、福建东南部(全年世代数最高可超过6代)、台湾大部(全年世代数最高可超过7代)以及海南省全境(全年可发生7代以上)。江南和江淮迁飞过渡区主要为4~5代区和3~4代区。黄淮海及北方重点防范区主要为2~3代区和1~2代区,部分为3~4代区。     

Spatiotemporal variations of evapotranspiration and reference crop water requirement over 1957-2016 in Iran based on CRU TS gridded dataset

Agriculture needs to produce more food to feed the growing population in the 21^st century. It makes the reference crop water requirement (WREQ) a major challenge especially in regions with limited water and high water demand. Iran, with large climatic variability, is experiencing a serious water crisis due to limited water resources and inefficient agriculture. In order to overcome the issue of uneven distribution of weather stations, gridded Climatic Research Unit (CRU) data was applied to analyze the changes in potential evapotranspiration (PET), effective precipitation (EFFPRE) and WREQ. Validation of data using in situ observation showed an acceptable performance of CRU in Iran. Changes in PET, EFFPRE and WREQ were analyzed in two 30-a periods 1957-1986 and 1987-2016. Comparing two periods showed an increase in PET and WREQ in regions extended from the southwest to northeast and a decrease in the southeast, more significant in summer and spring. However, EFFPRE decreased in the southeast, northeast, and northwest, especially in winter and spring. Analysis of annual trends revealed an upward trend in PET (14.32 mm/decade) and WREQ (25.50 mm/decade), but a downward trend in EFFPRE (-11.8 mm/decade) over the second period. Changes in PET, EFFPRE and WREQ in winter have the impact on the annual trend. Among climate variables, WREQ showed a significant correlation (r=0.59) with minimum temperature. The increase in WREQ and decrease in EFFPRE would exacerbate the agricultural water crisis in Iran. With all changes in PET and WREQ, immediate actions are needed to address the challenges in agriculture and adapt to the changing climate.     

草鱼对CFRV疫苗免疫应答的研究

本文研究了草鱼对ＣＦＲＶ疫苗的免疫应答水平，规律性，免疫效应期及免疫持久性。用该疫苗免疫后的草鱼能产生很强的应答反应，免疫保护力可达８０％以上，血清中和抗体效价非常明显地高于对照组。它的免疫效应期在５天以内，第１０天血清中和抗体达到较高水平，第２０天处于峰值，并可维持２０余天，以后在第１０天的水平上波动。草鱼对ＣＦＲＶ疫苗的免疫持久性在１３个月以上。     

浅析森林抚育成效监测方法与内容

森林抚育监测采用样地调查法,通过定期观测样地上森林因子的变化取得数据,来分析林分生长、林分健康、林下植被、森林土壤状况等,综合评价森林抚育成效。     

Effect of altered carbohydrate traits in hulless barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) on nutrient profiles and availability and nitrogen to energy synchronization

Four hulless barley cultivars (zero-amylose waxy, CDC Fibar; 5%-amylose waxy, CDC Rattan; normal-amylose, CDC McGwire and high-amylose, HB08302) were developed at the Crop Development Centre, University of Saskatchewan, with differences in carbohydrates traits on the basis of amylose (1–20% DM) and β-glucan (5–10% DM) content. The objectives of this research were to determine: 1) the effect of the alteration of these carbohydrate traits in hulless barley on nutrient availability in ruminants, and 2) carbohydrate structure conformation on hourly effective rumen degradation ratio, in comparison with hulled barley-CDC Copeland. Among the hulless barley lines, HB08302 was greater (P < 0.05) in rumen bypass crude protein (BCP: 52.1% CP), effective degradability (ED) of neutral detergent fibre (EDNDF: 74 g/kg DM) than these in CDC Fibar, whereas CDC Fibar showed greater (P < 0.05) effective degradable crude protein (EDCP: 90 g/kg DM) than the other hulless barley lines. Compared with hulless barley, the hulled CDC Copeland showed relatively greater (P < 0.05) BNDF (62.5% NDF or 98 g/kg DM), starch degradation rate (K_d: 17.4%/h) and EDST (75.9% ST) but reduced (P < 0.05) rumen undegradable protein (RUP: 49 g/kg DM). With the respect to hourly effective degradation (ED) ratios, hulless barley cultivars exhibited relatively optimal hourly ED ratios, ranging from 23 to 34 g N/kg CHO, higher than the hulled barley. Among hulless barley cultivars, CDC Fibar and Rattan had the highest (P < 0.05) ratios (34 g N/kg CHO), while the ratio for CDC McGwire (23 g N/kg CHO) was the lowest (P > 0.05). In conclusion, hulless barley lines with altered carbohydrate traits have the potential to increase rumen nutrient availability to ruminants. The altered carbohydrate conformation of hulless barley affected hourly ED ratios, thus affecting rumen nitrogen to energy synchronization.     

玉米种植技术咨询服务系统设计与开发

针对玉米种植普遍存在的选种难、盲目施肥等问题,基于多年实测土壤数据,根据示范推广经验,以养分平衡法为理论依据,采用土壤养分有效校正系数方法设计了一套玉米种植技术咨询服务系统,用于指导当地农民如何科学选种、如何精准施肥。系统具有针对性好、实践性强、地域突出等优点,根据地块自然条件因地制宜为农民推荐高产高效品种,利用目标产量法精准计算施肥量。应用结果表明,该系统能有效降低肥料投入成本,提高玉米种植经济效益。