A procedure for combining a quantitative inheritance study with the first cycle of a breeding program

Summary The number of effective factors controlling the inheritance of a quantitative character can be estimated by analysis of F₃ lines where the parental lines are homozygous. The procedure is illustrated with data from a study of pod length inheritance in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). The mean pod length of Sprite, the parent with longer pods, was compared statistically with the means of F₃ progenies derived from F₂ plants obtained from the appropriate tail of the F₂ frequency distribution for pod length. The data indicate that analysis of F₃ progenies avoids much of the underestimation of the effective factor number which is characteristic of other procedures. The number of effective factors was estimated to be a minimum of 4 and the correlation between random F₂ parents and F₃ progeny means was r=0.82.Florida Agricultural Experiment Station Journal Series No. 406.     

Transgressive segregation in inter and intraspecific crosses of barley

Summary Six populations of F₂-derived lines of barley and their parents were evaluated for heading date, plant height, grain yield, bundle weight, and harvest index in a replicated experiment in the field. These data were used to estimate the minimum number of effective factor pairs segregating for each trait, the number of favorable factors contributed by each parent in a cross, and the frequencies and magnitudes of transgressive segregates.Heading date, plant height, and harvest index were controlled by three to four effective factor pairs, whereas grain yield and bundle weight were controlled by five or more.All three H. spontaneum strains used in our study contributed one or more useful genes for each of the traits, grain yield, heading date, plant height, bundle weight, and harvest index. Therefore, it seems that H. spontaneum can be a useful source of favorable genes for quantitative traits, especially for grain yield, which could be incorporated into barley varieties readily by backcrossing. Transgressive segregates for grain yield in the interspecific crosses may provide the basic materials for improving the productivity of cultivated barley varieties.Journal Paper No. J-9760 of the Iowa Agric. and Home Econ. Exp. Stn., Ames, IA 50011. Project 2227. Supported in part by a grant from the Science and Education Administration-Cooperative Research, United States Department of Agriculture.     

The Numerical Simulation Commercial Software for Secondary Cooling Process in Billet Continuous Casting

A numerical simulation commercial software has been developed by the object-oriented Visual Basic programming language on the basis of the 2D mathematical model of secondary cooling Process in billet continuous casting. Thereby an effective experimenting tool for computer simulation of continuous casting process is gained. By simulation with the software, the caster structures and operating parameters in continuous casting can be designed and optimized. The simulating calculation examples on several casters and its production applications indicate that the commercial software developed has more accuracy, practicability and commonality, as also as simpler operating capability. The simulated results have been successfully applied to the design and production of the high-efficiency modification for several billet casters interiorly.     

Assessment of sugar maple tree growth in relation to the partitioning of elements in xylem along a soil acidity gradient

Partitioning of elements in tree xylem is being increasingly studied, as it suggests that elements are potentially mobile within the xylem long after their uptake. A recent study revealed that only the most mobile xylem fraction (water-soluble) of base cations (calcium [Ca], magnesium [Mg], and potassium [K]) increased at higher soil acidity, while the two mobile fractions (water- and acid-soluble) of acidic metals—potentially phytotoxic aluminium (Al), cadmium (Cd) and manganese (Mn)—were significantly enhanced on very acid soils. The current paper presents an investigation of soil-wood chemistry relationships with basal area tree growth. It was hypothesized that the growth of sugar maple would be reduced by low base cation and high acidic metal concentrations in the xylem mobile fractions. Sugar maple trees (n = 55) from six watersheds in southern Quebec, Canada were analysed by sequential chemical extractions for the water-soluble, acid-soluble and residual fractions of base cations (Ca, K, Mg) and acidic metals (Al, Cd, Mn) in xylem. Generally, tree growth was positively correlated to concentrations of base cations in wood (ρ = 0.27-0.50) and soil (ρ = 0.41-0.67), and negatively correlated to concentrations of acidic metals in wood (ρ = −0.33 to −0.52) and soil (ρ = −0.67). However, these relations differed depending on the element fraction considered. Water- and acid-soluble xylem concentrations of base cations and Al were among the best predictors of growth trends (R² = 0.46-0.51). The relationship between acidic metals and tree growth is further discussed.     

秦岭火地塘林区油松林辐射平衡特征研究

测定和分析了2005年8-10月份、2006年4-7月份秦岭火地塘林区油松林太阳辐射的变化,并通过归类对晴天、阴天辐射平衡分量以及反射率、净辐射率、有效辐射率的日变化特征进行分析。结果表明:油松林日平均总辐射、净辐射、反射辐射和有效辐射分别为14.83、9.13、1.29、5.83M J.m-2;晴天,总辐射、净辐射、反射辐射日变化呈单峰曲线变化,阴天呈多峰曲线;油松林林冠有效辐射始终为正值;不同天气条件下反射率、有效辐射率呈“U”形变化;净辐射率变化趋势为白天高,早晨、傍晚低,晴天净辐射率为63.58%～65.08%,阴天净辐射率为56.36%～71.60%。     

热胁迫下萝卜干物质形成特性研究

本文研究了萝卜不同耐热品种在高温胁迫下的生长表现,叶面积、干物质变化。结果表明:热胁迫对萝卜生长的影响主要是叶面积下降,根腐病大量发生,导致个体变小、品质变劣、产量下降。热胁迫下萝卜播收期为60 d,播种后30 d为长叶期,30~60d为长根期。通过苗期单位面积叶鲜重与收获期有效根率测定可预测萝卜耐热性。     

EM发酵饲料喂猪增重试验研究

EM(有效微生物群)是一种新型复合型微生物制剂,无毒害、无残留、不污染环境。经用A、B两种饲料以EM发酵处理后喂猪试验结果,增重显著地高于对照组,料肉比明显降低(经EM发酵处理后的A料料肉比由原来的4.87∶1降低到4.28∶1;B料由原来的4.23∶1降低到4.03∶1),且经济效益显著提高。试验证明,应用EM发酵饲料喂猪,不仅明显降低养猪成本,提高饲料报酬,而且增强机体抗病力,促进猪的生长。为加快养猪业的发展,建议我各猪场、养猪专业户大力推广EM生物技术。     

应用两类遗传标记方法分析湖羊和同羊的遗传多样性

随机抽取湖羊 6 3只、同羊 6 5只分别进行 14个结构基因座和 7个微卫星标记的遗传检测 ,比较由两种遗传标记获得的群体基因平均杂合度 (H)、多态信息含量 (PIC)及群体有效等位基因数 (Ne)。结果表明 :由微卫星等位基因频率获得的群体基因平均杂合度、多态信息含量及有效等位基因数显著大于由结构基因座获得的 ,且在两群体中变化趋势一致。提示 :结构基因座和微卫星标记是绵羊群体遗传多样性研究的可靠遗传标记 ,而微卫星标记揭示更为丰富的遗传变异 ;两绵羊群体在结构基因座和微卫星DNA两个层次上具相当的遗传多样性 ;微卫星标记可有效用于近缘群体间的遗传分析。     

枸杞瘿螨的生物学特性及其有效积温的研究

室内恒温条件下测定了枸杞瘿螨Aceria pallida Keifer的发育起点温度和有效积温。枸杞瘿螨产卵前期的发育起点温度和有效积温分别为7．23℃和50．99日度；卵和幼若螨期发育起点温度和有效积温分别为5．51℃和167．68日度；全世代的发育起点温度和有效积温分别为6．08℃和217．05日度。发育进度有效积温模型分别为4N4卵前=50．99／[T-7．23]；4N4卵幼=167．68／[T-5．51]和4N4世代=217．05／[T-6．08]。在15℃～35℃恒温条件下发育历期与温度呈负相关，其中在25℃～30℃之间时枸杞瘿螨发育快，数量多，该温度范围是枸杞瘿螨生长发育的最适温度。根据呼和浩特地区气象资料，枸杞瘿螨在呼和浩特地区1a发生的理论代数为10代～12代。